
merican 




ory 



Outlines and Notes -^ 



A Reference Manual 

for 

Teachers and Pupils 



B. E. HUFFMAN 



AMERICAN HISTORY 



OUTLINES AND NOTES 



A REFERENCE MANUAL 
« for 

Teachers and Pupils 






^r 



By R. E. HUFFMAN 



Emmanuel Missionary College Press. 

Berrien Springs, Mich; 

1913 



t/7i 



Copyright, 1913, 

BY 

BURTON E. HUFFMAN. 



©:i.A:J5888 7 



I: 



Introduction 

"Of the makina: of books there is no end." What is needed is 
not more books, but better books. This statement is as true with 
regard to text-books as along other lines of literary effort. 

Before a new vessel is launched even though it be but a steam- 
tug, a demand for its existence should be felt. Before launching 
this little bark upon the untried sea of popular favor, we inquire, 
Is it needed? Will it supply a long-felt demand? Is this demand 
sufficiently pressing to \/arrant the time and expense required to 
launch this little bark? 

From the standpoint of a field educational worker, I do not 
hesitate to say, after years of observation, that a complete series of 
outlines to guide in the study of United States History, pointing 
out the hand of Providence in the discovery, exploration, and 
colonization of America at just the time and in just the manner 
prescribed by the Ruler of nations, is greatly needed by our 
teachers everywhere as an aid in their earnest endeavor to impress 
upon the mind of the student the eternal principle, "The most 
High ruleth in the kingdom of men and giveth it to whomsoever 
He will." 

We firmly believe that these outlines, prepared by Prof. 
B. E. Huffman of Emmanuel Missionary College, representing 
as they do years of research in both Bible and history, and com- 
bining the two in the most natural and harmonious way, will be 
received by both teachers and students in American Histoiy with 
glad approval. 

Especially helpful will be found the unique way in which the 
author has brought before the mind of the student the hand of 
God in the development in this country . of republican and 
protestant principles. 

We bespeak for this little work a hearty reception, believing 
that its daily use in the classroom can but inspire in the heart of 
both teacher and student a spirit of true patriotism, as well as a 
deep reverence for the One who has overruled in the growth, 
progress, and development of this "Marvel of Nations." 

South Bend, Indiana. Clifford A. Russell. 

July 7, 1913. 



Table of Contents 



SECTION I 

PAGE 

Foundation Principles of Our History . . . . 6 

SECTION 11 
Period of American Discoveries and Explorations, 1492-1607 30 

SECTION III 
Period of American Colonization, 1607-1732 - - - 42 

SECTION IV 
Strugsjle between En.a:land and France for possession and 
control of America, 1689-1763 .-..-- 92 

SECTION V 

English Rule of America — Colonial Struggle for rights of 
Englishmen— Causes and events leading to the American 
Revolution, 1763-1775 105 

SECTION VI 

Struggle for Independence, or The American Revolution, 
1776-1783 ---.--.--- no 

SECTION VII 

The Formative Period of American Constitutional Govern- 
ment, 1783-1789 - - - 123 

SECTION VIII 

The National Period, 1789-1913— 133 

Suggestions to Teachers ....-.- 238 



American Historv Outlines and Notes 



SECTION I. 
The Foundation Principles of Our History 

1. Definition of History and object of its study. 

2. Scope of the subject and principles to be recog- 

nized. 

3. The Great Controversy. 
1^ Its origin and leaders. 

2^ How the controversy is carried on. 
1' Through individuals. 
V' Illustrations. 

1* The temptation and fall of man and 
the introduction of the plan of re- 
demption. 
2^ Joseph versus his brethren and Poti- 

phar's household. 
3^ Moses versus Pharaoh. 
4^ Esther and Mordecai versus Haman. 
5^ Daniel and his companions versus the 
kingdom of Babylon. 
2^ Through nations. 

1'^ Describe the beginning of nations and 
the changes which brought about na- 
tional representation in the controversy. 
2^ Describe the making of a nation to be 
God's representative. 
1^ Israel's mission as a nation. 
2^ National probation — explain. 
3'^ Other nations which performed a leading 
part in the controversy before the time 
of Christ and his apostles. 
1' Egypt. 
2^ Babylon. 
3^ Medo-Persia. 



Foundation Principles 7 

4* Greece. 
5* Rome. 
4'^ What did the Greeks, the Jews, and the 
Romans accomplish for the world which 
prepared, or greatly aided in the prep- 
aration of, the way for the first advent 
of Christ and the work of His church? 
5^ Show from the Bible that a representa- 
tive form of government is God's ideal 
for nations whenever conditions will 
permit. 
6^ Describe the forms of government given 
to Israel, with reasons for the changes 
when made. 
7^ State the causes of their repeated cap- 
tivities, of their overthrow, and the 
effect of the destruction of Jerusalem. 
3'^ Through churches. 

r^ Changes which brought about church or- 
ganization. 
2'^ True relation between church and state, 

and the proper sphere of each. 
3^ The Christian Church, God's representa- 
tive. 
1* The organization and work of the 

church. 
2* Its attitude toward apostasy. 
3* Persecutions waged against. 
1^ By the Jews. 
2^ By the Roman Emperors. 
3" By the Apostate Church. 
4^ The Apostate Church or the Papacy. 
1'* Gradual development. 

V' The doctrine of Balaam introduced 

into the Christian church. 
2^ Influence of doctrinal disputes. 



8 American History OiUlines and Notes 

3' Persecution waged by the Papacy. 
2^ Methods of meeting: opposition. 

V' Annihilation of the trouble and the 

troublers. 
2'' Suppression of the Bible. 
3^ Preaching- in an unknown tongue. 
4'' Counter-reforms. 
5"' The Christian Church flees to the "wil- 
derness" during the "Dark Ages" (1260 
years) and secretly carries on her 
work of reform. 
1^ Reformers and their work. 

1" Wycliffe, Luther, Melancthon, and 
John Calvin. 
6'^ Counter-reforms conducted by the Papacy. 

1^ Loyola and the Jesuits. 
?■■ "Ths earth helps the woman" — gives re- 
lief to the persecuted church. 
1^ The mental awakening of Europe. 
2^ The discovery of America. 

Statement of the Foundation Principles of 
Our History 

Careless seems the great Avenger; history's pages but record 
One death grapple in the darkness, 'twixt old systems and 

the Word; 
Truth forever on the scaffold, Wrong forever on the throne, — 
Yet that scaffold sways the future, and behind the dim 

unknown, 
Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch above 

His own. — Lowell. 

"In the annals of human history the growth of na- 
tions, the rise and fall of empires, appear as depen- 
dent on the will and prowess of man. The shaping 
of events seems, to a great degree, to be determined 
by his power, ambition, or caprice. But in the Word 



Foiiudatioii Principles 9 

of God the curtain is drawn aside, and we behold, be- 
hind, above, and through all the play and counter- 
play of human interests and power and passions, the 
agfency of the all-merciful One, silently, patiently 
working" out the counsels of His own will." — Educa- 
tion^ page 173 . 

History. History is a record of events which have 
taken place in the great controversy between right 
and wrong. It embraces not only the origin, growth, 
career, and final overthrow of nations, but the politi- 
cal, religious, social, and economic influences and 
combinations among men in their relation to this 
great conflict between truth and error. 

Principles. Every one who studies history should 
recognize that a controversy is on between Christ 
and Satan over the character of God and of His gov- 
ernment, and that the events recorded in all ages 
past have had their influence upon this controversy. 
Both Christ an^ Satan are exemplifying their true 
character: the one as a compassionate, sin-pardoning 
Saviour; the other as a jealous, cruel oppressor. 

This outline traces briefly the controversy from its 
origin in heaven to our own time. We have endeav- 
ored to show the relation of one event to another so 
the student may discern God's over-ruling provi- 
dence among the nations for the protection of His 
people and the completion of His work in the earth. 
The history of the United States of America forms 
only a small portion of the history of the world, and 
can be rightly understood only in its relation to the 
history of the world. 

How to Study History. If we would know the 
whole history of the world we should study the histo- 
ry of redemption. One writer has said, "To the cas- 
ual observer of Providence, to the ordinary reader of 
this world's history, the whole appears like a chaos 



10 American History Outlines and Notes 

of incidents; no thread, no system, no line of connec- 
tion running- throngh it. One course of events is 
seen here, and another there. Kingdoms rise on the 
stage one after another, and become great and pow- 
erful, and then pass away and are forgotten. And 
the history of the church seems scarcely less a cha- 
os than that of the world. Changes are continually 
g-oing on within it and around it, and these apparent- 
ly without much order. Yet, all is not a chaos. The 
Christian student, with his eye devoutly fixed on the 
hand of God, looks out upon the world, and back on 
the wide field of its history, and takes altogether a 
different view. What before seemed so chaotic and 
disorderly, now puts on the appearance of system 
and form." 

"It is only when we see "God — Christ— redemp- 
tion — in history, that we read it in the light of truth. 
This is the golden thread that passes through its en- 
tire web, and gives it its strength, its lustre, and con- 
sistency," — T/ie Hand of God in History., pp. J, ■/, 7-/. 

As we continue this study let us open our hearts to 
the influence of the Holy Spirit that we may be led 
to recognize the band of God over-ruling- the events 
of history for the sake of His people and the good of 
His work in the earth. 

The Beginning of the Controversy. Satan "was 
once an honored angel in heaven, next to Christ. 
His countenance, like those of the other angels, was 
mild and expressive of happiness. His forehead was 
high and broad, showing great intellig-ence. His 
form was perfect; his bearing noble and majestic." 
He looked upon the beauty of his appearance, and 
his wisdom; and, instead of giving God glory for 
these blessings, he regarded them as of himself; and 
furthermore, because of these attainments, reasoned 
that he should be given a part in all the secret coun- 



Foundation Principles 11 

sels of God. But Lucifer (as he was then called) is a 
created being. Jesus is "the only begotten Son of 
God," and as such is the only one who could enter 
into all the plans, purposes, and counsels of His Fa- 
ther. He was associated with His Father in creat- 
ing" the heaven and earth, and all things found in 
them. (Col. 1:14, 16; Heb. 1:2,3.) "When God 
said to His Son, 'Let us make man in our image', Sa- 
tan was jealous of Jesus. He wished to be consulted 
concerning the formation of man, and because he was 
not, he was filled with envy, jealousy, and hatred. 
He desired to receive the highest honors in heaven 
next to God." — Spiritual Gifts ^ P<-i.^e 17 . 

Little by little Lucifer indulged the desire for ex 
altation and power, and as he associated with the 
other angels he endeavored to secure their services 
and loyalty to himself. Some of the angels did sym- 
pathize with Lucifer in his rebellion, and they too 
rebelled against the authority of Jesus. 

The king of the universe called all the hosts of 
heaven before him that in their presence He might 
make known the true position of His Son, and the 
relation He sustained to all created beings. It was 
there decided that Lucifer, with all the angels who 
had joined him in the rebellion, should be expelled 
from heaven; but they would not go willingly, and a 
war followed. Angels w^ere engaged in the battle, 
but the good and true angels prevailed, and Satan 
with his forces was driven from heaven. 

The Controversy Transferred to Earth. Satan 
did not give up his purpose to be like the Most High, 
and to have a kingdom in which he would be supreme. 
He determined to secure the services and loyalty of 
Adam and Eve to himself. This he succeeded in do- 
ing by deceiving them, causing them to doubt God's 
love for them, and getting them to eat of the forbid- 



12 American History Outlines and Notes 

den tree in the midst of the gfarden of Eden. vSorrow 
filled all heaven when Adam and Eve sinned, and the 
angfels stopped theii music for they did not know how 
God would ever redeem this world from sin. But 
God had a plan by which sinful man might be forgiv- 
en, and the lost world restored to its place in His 
original purpose. His plan was this: Jesus should 
come to this world as a little babe; and for us would 
grow to manhood, live a holy life, suffer all that wick- 
ed men and demons could inflict upon Him, and die a 
cruel death upon a cross; and, by forgiving the sins 
of all who would believe upon Him and obey Him, 
prove that Satan is a liar and a murderer. Thus He 
would have the right to destroy vSatan and save the 
world. 

This plan was made known to Adam and Eve, who 
accepted it and learned to offer their sacrifices, 
which represented the death of Christ and which 
were intended to keep the plan of salvation fresh in 
the minds of the people until Christ should come and 
die for them. Since this plan was made known to 
Adam, the controversy has been going on in this 
world between Chist and the holy angels on one side, 
and Satan and the evil angels on the other side. 
They are contending over every person living on the 
earth. The description of their battle is found in 
"Testimonies for the Church", Vol. 1., pp. 345, 346. 

Just as soon as Eve sinned, she placed herself on 
Satan's side of the controversy, and was used by him 
to tempt Adam to sin. So it always is. Every sin- 
ner is a worker for Satan. Every Christian is a 
worker for God. Jesus said, "He that is not with me 
is against me, and he that gathereth not with me 
scattereth abroad."— tI/*^//. 12:30. But there has 
never been a time, since the days of Adam, that God 
has not had representatives working for Him among 
their fellow-men. 



Foundation Principles 13 

Individual Representatives. The Bible contains a 
brief history of a number of men and women who 
championed the cause of God, against the efforts of 
men and women who were fighting" against Him. 
The following are some of those whose life's record 
well illustrate how, during the early part of the con- 
troversy on earth, the leaders worked through indi- 
viduals as their representatives: — 

Abel against Cain. 

Noah against all the ungodly of his day. 

Joseph against his brethren, and the wicked peo- 
ple of Egypt. 

Moses against Pharaoh and his magicians. 

Esther and Mordecai against Haman. 

Daniel and his companions against wicked men 
in Babylon. 

Since this portion of Bible History is familiar to all 
our young people, we shall not take the time to re- 
peat it here; but if any are not familiar with Bible 
History, they should read the lives of these heroes. 

The Controversy Through Nations; The Begin- 
ning of Nations— Satan's Representatives. When 
Cain killed his brother, God placed a mark upon him 
to show that he had joined Satan in the controversy. 
Cain said, "My punishment is greater than I can 
bear. ... It shall come to pass that every one 
that findeth me shall slay me." — Gen. 4:13-15. Al- 
though Cain had God's promise of protection, he felt 
safer to have a strong body-guard about him. For 
this reason he went into the land of Nod and built a 
city which he called Enoch. This was the first city 
ever built in this world. It was a little kingdom and 
Cain was the ruler. 

After the flood, Nimrod, another wicked man, es- 
tablished a great kingdom by building cities and rul- 
ing over them. His kingdom was afterward called 
Babylon. Thus, you see, the first cities and the first 



14 American History Outlines and Notes 

king'dom were founded by wicked people. Many 
thingfs were done in these cities which made the peo- 
ple love them very much. Every year, many days 
were spent in feasting" and worshiping idols. The 
people tried to forget the true God and took pleasure 
in exalting the glory of their nation. 

Principles of Government. Among God's people 
no other organization existed but the family. God 
intended that every intelligent being should become 
self-governing, but when man sinned he allowed 
Satan to have control of his mind, and instead of hav- 
ing the mind of God he received a carnal mind which 
is enmity against God. The carnal mind al- 
ways wants to rule over others, but the one who has 
it cannot control himself. No one can exercise true 
self-government only as he submits to the influence 
of the Holy Spirit. In the g-reat controversy these 
two principles of g^overnment are developed. The 
one is in harmony with the government of heaven; 
the other, with that of Satan. 

God's Representatives; Their Experience in 
Egypt. In the course of time, men became so at- 
tached to their nation that they would not accept the 
gospel because it was not represented by a great na- 
tion. In order to reach the world with the gospel, 
God makes a nation to represent His work in the 
earth. He does so by calling Abram out from among 
his relatives, who worship idols, and making 
him the father of His nation. God led Abram 
through such experiences as would cause him to com- 
mand his household after him. But the work of na- 
tion-making was delayed until the third gfeneration 
because of the slowness with which lessons of confi- 
dence and faith in God were learned. It was with 
Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel, that the 
real work of making a nation for God commenced. 



Foundation Principles 15 

At this time Eg-ypt was the principal heathen nation 
in the world. God sent Joseph to Eg-ypt as his mis- 
sionary to teach the rulers of Egypt about the true 
God. Afterward all the children of Israel — about 
seventy — were sent to Egypt as God's representa- 
tives. They were allowed to dwell in the land of Go- 
shen — a fertile country on the river Nile. We can 
see why God directed the king of Egypt to give them 
this part of the country. It was because all com- 
merce and travel between Egypt and the other 
nations had to pass through Goshen, and God wanted 
His people where they could easily come in touch 
with all nations as teachers of truth. 

The Conflict between Israel and the Egyptians. 
When the new king, who had not known Joseph and 
what he had done for Egypt, came to the throne, the 
children of Israel were treated very cruelly, but God 
prospered them, and made them stronger than their 
enemies. But as God's people should never use 
force, nor kill their fellow-men, in order to escape 
persecution, the children of Israel suffered much and 
waited for God to deliver them. 

God wanted the Egyptians to learn of the true God be- 
fore He took his people from among- them. He sent 
Moses and Aaron to teach both the Israelites and the 
Egyptians that the Egfyptians were not worshiping: 
the true God. After performing: many miracles ta 
teach this lesson. He led His people — a larg^e multi- 
tude — out of Egypt to give them a land of their own, 
and make of them a kingdom of priests and teachers 
who could command the respect of all nations. (Ex. 
19:5, 6; Deut. 28:1-14; 4:5-10; Isa. 43:1, 7, 21.) 

National Probation. We read in Acts 17:26, 27, 
that God fixes the boundaries of nations, and promises 
to enlarge their territory only when by so doing- His 
work can be advanced. God gives every nation a 



16 American His lory Outlines and Notes 

chance to help forward His work by giving perfect 
relig-ious liberty to all the people, and he helps those 
nations that will do this. But when a nation enforces 
unjust laws which cause cruel persecution of His 
people, God will permit a revolution in that nation, 
or will allow another nation to make war upon them 
to punish them for their cruelties, and as a result the 
government may be overthrown or lose a part of its 
territory. 

"To every nation and to every individual of today 
God has assigned a place in His great plan. Today 
men and nations are being measured by the plummet 
in the hand of Him who makes no mistake. All are 
by their own choice deciding their destiny, and God 
is overruling all for the accomplishment of His pur- 
poses." — Education, page 178. (Read Dan. 4:32; Jer. 
18:7-10; Eze. 21:25-27; Ps. 106:34-46; 105:13-15. 

Other Nations Which Performed a Leading Part 
in the Controversy. When God led Israel out of 
Egypt, 'He gave them the land of Canaan at the east 
end of the Mediterranean Sea, because at that time 
Egypt, having refused to learn of the true God, was 
declining in power and the attention of the world was 
turning from her. Nimrod's kingdom, Babylon, in 
the land of Shinar, was becoming an important and 
leading nation, and must be given a chance to know 
of the true God and of His people. Israel might have 
been the leading nation on earth had the people al- 
ways been true (Deut. 28:1-14); but they failed to be 
a missionary people as God intended, and the Baby- 
lonians were allowed to come against them with an 
army and carry them away captives. (Ps. 105:34-46) . 
While in Babylon, Daniel and his companions had a 
chance to teach the king and his princes of the true 
God. 

You have already learned from your study of the 



Foimdation Principles Yl 

Bible, something" of the history of the nations of Asia 
and Europe; viz., Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and 
Rome, represented by the symbols used in the second 
and seventh of Daniel. Each of these nations held 
universal power for a time, and was gfiven opportun- 
ity to know the true God, and to help forward His 
work. Babylon ruled the world from about 606 to 538 
B. C; Medo-Persia, from 538 to 321 B. C.; Greece, 
from 321 to 161 B. C.; Rome, from 161 B. C. until 
overthrown by the barbarian tribes by which it was 
divided into ten parts, between the years 351 and 
483 A. D. But each of these nations in turn failed 
to live up to its privilege in helping" forward the work 
of God, the Romans and the Jews going so far as to 
unite in crucifying Jesus. 

The Way Prepared for Christ's First Advent. 
The Greeks aided in preparing the way for Christ's 
life and work on earth by giving the world a written 
language which was read and understood every- 
where; the Jews aided by preserving the Scriptures 
and translating them into the Greek language; the 
Romans, by building good roads for military purposes 
throughout the empire, made it easier for mission- 
aries to carry the g"ospel to all the then known 
world. Christ and His disciples traveled many of 
them. 

A Representative Government God's Plan: Wljy Is- 
rael's Government was Changed. The government of 
the universe is representative. We read in Job, chap- 
ters 1 and 2, that on certain occasions when the sons of 
God came together Satan came also. These sons of 
God are representatives of different worlds, and 
Satan, the usurper of this world, went also to these 
councils. But since Jesus conquered Satan, Jesus 
represents this world, and Satan is not admitted to 
the councils any more. The government g"iven to 



18 American History Outlines and Notes 

Israel at Sinai was representative. There was the 
council of the seventy elders, and there were cap- 
tains over thousands and captains over hundreds, and 
captains over fifties, and captains over tens. (Num. 
11:10-17; Deut. 1:9-18.) A representative government 
is ideal when intellectual and moral conditions are 
such as to make it safe. But God rules "in the king-- 
dom of men and giveth it to whomsoever H will", 
Dan. 4:25, today just as he did anciently. The best 
form of government for some of the nations and tribes 
on earth today is monarchial: some, constitutional; 
and some, more nearly absolute. In what respects 
do these forms of government differ? 

The government of Israel was changed from pat- 
riarchal to judges, and from judges to kings, as the 
conditions and demands of the people made neces- 
sary. (Judges 1:16-19; I Sam. 8:6-9; 10:19; Hos. 13:11.) 

The Kings of Israel; Causes of Captivity and 
Overthrow. On condition of obedience, God prom- 
ised to make His people lights and leaders for all 
nations. He said, "And it shall come to pass, if thou 
shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the Lord 
thy God, to observe and to do all His commandments 
which I command thee this day, that the Lord thy 
God will set thee on high above all the nations of the 
earth: and all these blessings shall come on thee, if 
thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy 
God .... The Lord shall cause thine enemies 
that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy 
face: they shall come out against thee one way, 
and shall flee before thee seven ways .... And 
all the people of the earth shall see that thou art 
called by the name of the Lord; and they shall be 
afraid of thee."— Z?^///. 28:1, 2, 7, 10. In Jeremiah's 
time he told them that if they should observe the Sab- 
bath properly, Jerusalem should stand forever. (Jer. 



Foundation Principles 19 

17: 24, 25.) But Satan made Israel dissatisfied with 
God's plan of government, and led them to ask for a 
king like the nations around them. God gave them a 
king, but when because of their apostasy He could 
not use them as a nation to teach the nations around 
them, He scattered them among the nations of the 
world to do, as individuals, the work that they would 
not do as a nation. (Read Deut. 7:2-6; 28:47-49, 
63-65; Jud. 3:11-15.) 

The Jewish nation so far apostatized that God had 
to reject them as a nation, and destroy Jerusalem, the 
city in which they trusted. Christ warned His dis- 
ciples of the danger of trusting in the city and the 
temple of the Jews. The destruction of Jerusalem, 
which He foretold, came in A. D. 70, just in the right 
time to save the new church from centering too much 
in Jerusalem. All the Christians in and around Je- 
rusalem were scattered abroad before the city was de- 
stroyed, and went everywhere preaching the Word 
and encouraging the believers who had gone out from 
Pentecost. 

Changes Which Brought About Church Organi- 
zation. Israel's governinent was theocratic in form; 
that is, God ruled by direct instruction in both relig- 
ious and civil affairs. He was the head of both Church 
and State. When they chose a king, because dissat- 
isfied with God's plan, he spoke to the king through 
His prophets. He allowed them to have a king so 
long as they followed His instructions. When they 
sought to be like the heathen, he allowed them to go 
into captivity to learn of the cruelty of the heathen. 
"Nevertheless, He regarded their afflictions when He 
heard their cry; and He remembered for them His 
covenant." When they would return to a careful ob- 
servance of the forms of the sanctuary services, God 
gave them rest from their enemies. But Satan made 



20 American History Outlines and Notes 

them very zealous for these ceremonies, to which they 
addedmany traditions. Becauseof their blindness they 
could not see a saviour in the lowly Jesus, the anti-type 
of their sacrifices, who taugfht them that men are not 
saved through ceremonies or through any nation or 
earthly government, but through faith and obedience 
to God. As Christ finished His earthly ministry. He 
commissioned all His followers to carry on the work 
which he had commenced. That this work might be 
conducted regularly and systematically, the believers 
were organized into companies or churches; 
but they were not given civil authority. They 
received from heaven their credentials to go to 
every nation, kindred, tongue, and people, as ambas- 
sadors for the kingdom of God. Church and State 
were to be kept separate. 

Relation between Church and State. "The apos- 
tle plainly outlined the attitude believers should sus- 
tain toward civil authorities: 'Submit yourselves to 
every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether 
it be to the king, as supreme; or unto governors, as 
unto them that are sent by him for the punishment 
of evil doers, and for the praise of them that do well. 
For so is the will of God, that with well-doing ye may 
put to silence the ignorance of foolish men; as free, and 
not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, 
but as the servants of God. Honor all men. Love the 
brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the king.' " — Ac^s 
of the Apostles^ Page 522. 

"The principle for which the disciples stood so fear- 
lessly when, in answer to the command not to speak 
any more in the name of Jesus, they declared, 
'Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken 
unto you more than unto God, judge ye,' is the same 
that the adherents of the gospel struggled to main- 
tain in the days of the Reformation 



Foundation Principles 21 

"This principle we in our day are to maintain; the 
banner of truth and relig:ious liberty held aloft by the 
founders of the gospel church and by God's witnesses 
during: the centuries that have passed since then, 
has, in this last conflict, been committed to our hands. 
The responsibility for this great gift rests with those 
whom God has blessed with a knowledge of His word. 
We are to receive this word as supreme authority. 
We are to recognize human government as an ordi- 
nance of divine appointment, and teach obedience to 
it as a sacred duty, within its legitimate sphere. 
But when its claims conflict with the claims of God, 
we must obey God rather than man. God's word 
must be recognized as above all human legislation. 
A 'Thus saith the Lord' is not to be set aside for a 
'Thus saith the church' or a 'Thus saith the State.' 
The crown of Christ is to be lifted above the diadems 
of earthly potentates." — Acts of the Apostles^pp. 68^ 69. 

The Organization and Work of the Church. 
"The church is God's appointed agency for the sal- 
vation of men. It was organized for service, and its 
mission is to carry the gospel to the world. From 
the beginning it has been God's plan that through 
His church shall be reflected to the world His full- 
ness and His sufficiency. The members of the 
church, those whom He has called out of darkness 
into the marvelous light, are to show forth His glory. 
The church is the repository of the riches of the 
glory of Christ; and through the church will eventu- 
ally be made manifest, even to the 'principalities 
and powers of heavenly places,' the final and full dis- 
play of the love of God." 

"The church is God's fortress, His city of refuge, 
which He holds in a revolted world. Any betrayal of 
the church is treachery to Him who has bought man- 
kind with the blood of His only begotten son." 



22 American History Outlines and Notes 

"Wonderful is the work which the Lord desig^ns to 
accomplish through His church, that His name may 
be gflorified, A picture of this work is gfiven in Eze- 
kiel's vision of the river of healing:: 'These waters 
issue out toward the east country, and g^o down into 
the desert, and g-o into the sea: which being- broug-ht 
forth into the sea, the waters shall be healed. And 
it shall come to pass, that everything- that liveth, 
which moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, 
shall live , . . . and by the river upon the bank 
thereof, on this side and on that side, shall g-row all 
trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither 
shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring- forth 
new fruit according- to his months, because their 
waters issue out of the sanctuary: and the fruit there- 
of shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medi- 
cine.' ''—Aas of the Apostles, pp. 9, 11, 13. 

The first Christian church .... felt that the 
salvation, or the loss of a world, depended upon their 
instrumentality. They cast in their all and held 
themselves in readiness to g-o or come at the Lord's 
bidding-." — Testiinoiiies for the Church., I'ol. I\ pp. 
156, 157. 

Attitude toward Apostasy. The seven churches 
of the second and third chapters of Revelations are 
seven periods of the Christian church from the time 
of Christ until the end of time. The church at Eph- 
esus is the apostolic church. Christ's message to 
this church states their attitude toward apostasy. It 
reads: "I know thy works, and thy labor, and thy 
patience, and how thou canst not bear them that are 
evil: and hast tried them which say they are apostles, 
and are not, and hast found them liars." — Rev. 2:2. 
The Holy Spirit worked with the apostles in con- 
demning- and reproving apostasy in the early church. 
(Read Acts 5:1-11.) "From the warning and pun- 



Foundation Principles 23 

ishment meted out to these perjurers, God would have 
us learn also how deep is His hatred and contempt 
for all hypocrisy and deception." 
The Papacy— Its Gradual Development. For a 

time after the death of Ananias and Sapphira, all who 
were not fully converted were afraid to unite with 
the church, and the church was comparatively pure; 
but after a time the influence wore away, and Paul 
saw a change coming. He said that the mystery of 
iniquity was beginning" to work even in his day, 
(2 Thess, 2:l-7)and in his last talk with the elders of 
the church at Ephesus he said, "For I know this, that 
after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in 
among you, not sparing the flock. Also of your own 
selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to 
draw away the disciples after them." — Acts 2o:2g, 50. 
The fault of the church at Pergamos (Rev. 2:12-14) 
was that some of their number were believing the 
doctrine of Balaam, which was sun-worship. The 
church in Pergamos represents that period of the 
history of the church when Sunday-keeping was 
adopted by professed Christians. The change came 
about gradually. At first no one thought of giving up 
the true Sabbath; but there arose those who, after 
studying the sufferings of Christ, began to teach that 
it would be a good plan to honor Christ by remember- 
ing His sufferings on Friday in observing a fast, or 
partial fast, on that day. They also taught that be- 
cause Christ rose from the grave on the first day of 
the week, Sunday should be observed with fasting 
and rejoicing. So for a time many people kept Fri- 
day as a fast day, Saturday as the Sabbath, and Sun- 
day as a day of rejoicing. Then Satan brought a 
civil persecution against the Jews, and many of the 
professed Christians, who had not given up their 
pagan ways, did not want to be called Jews. The 



24 American History Outlines and Notes 

Jews of course kept the seventh-day Sabbath, and 
the pagfans kept the first day of the week. These 
half-converted Christians reasoned that if they kept 
the vSeventh-day Sabbath they would be called Jews, 
and that God is not so particular about the day as He 
is of the spirit of worship; and if they remember His 
sufferings on Friday and His resurrection on vSunday, 
God would accept them. In this way, Sabbath-keepingf 
was dropped and Sunday-keeping- took its place. In 
the course of time those who still kept the seventh- 
day Sabbath, instead of Sunday, were regarded as 
narrow-minded and fanatical. Laws were passed to 
compel all to keep Sunday, and those who refused 
were persecuted severely. 

In the same way that Sunday-keepingf was intro- 
duced into the church, many other false doctrines 
were adopted. In working- out a method for settling- 
the disputes which arose over doctrinal points, it 
seemed necessary to gfive a g-reat deal of authority to 
some man, and in 538 A. D. the Bishop of Rome was 
made head over all the churches and corrector of 
heretics. He could punish or put to death any one 
whom he mig-ht think to be teaching- w^rong doctrines. 
This was the beg-inning: of that long- period of papal 
persecution, which lasted 1260 years — from 538 to 
1798 A. D. 

Persecution Waged by the Papacy. The persecu- 
tions of these times were indeed terrible. Scott's 
Church History says: "No computation can reach the 
number who have been put to death, in different ways, 
on accornt of their maintaining- the profession of the 
gospel, and opposing the corruptions of the Church 
or Rome. A million of poor Waldenses perished in 
France; nine hundred thousand orthodox Christians 
were slain in less than thirty years after the institu- 
tion of the order of the Jesuits. The Duke of Alva 



Foundation Principles 25 

boasted of having" put to death in the Netherlands 
thirty-six thousand by the hand of the common exe- 
cutioner during the space of a few years. The In- 
quisition destroyed, by various tortures, one hundred 
and fifty thousand within thirty years. These are a 
few specimens, and but a few, of those which history 
has recorded. But the total will never be known till 
the earth shall disclose her blood, and no more cover 
her slain." — Daniel and Revelation, pp. 178, 181, 
edition of 1907. Wars, crusades, massacres, inquisi- 
tions, and persecutioiis of all kinds, were their wea- 
pons of destruction. "In corroboration of these 
facts fifty million martyrs, — this is the lowest compu- 
tation made by any historian, — will rise up in the 
judgment as witnesses against her bloody work." 

Methods of Meeting Opposition. One of the first 
means always employed by Satan's representatives 
to silence the truth is to put to death as many as possi- 
ble of those who by life and teaching expose their er- 
ror. Thus Cain slew Abel; Pharaoh slew the boys 
among the children of Israel; the men of Babylon 
cast Daniel into the lions' den, and his companions 
into the fiery furnace; and Herod, soon after the 
birth of Christ, put to death all the babies in Judea 
■ who were not more than two years old. 

Following this work, the papacy thought to rid her- 
self of the powerful influence of the people of God, 
by attempting, first, to annihilate them. Thus hun- 
dreds of thousands were put to death in a vain effort 
to silence the Reformation. "When the body of Huss 
had been wholly consumed, his ashes, with the soil 
upon which they rested, were g'athered up and cast 
into the Rhine, and thus borne onward to the ocean. 
His persecutors vainly imagined that they had 
rooted out the truth he preached. Little did they 
dream that the ashes that day borne away to the sea 



26 American History Outlines and Notes 

were to be as seed scattered in all the countries of 
the earth; that in lands yet unknown it would yield 
abundant fruit in witnesses for the truth." — Great 
Controversy^ Page 110. 

Suppression of the Bible. Preaching in an Un- 
known Tongue. So long as the Bible was freely 
circulated and read by the common people, errors of 
the papacy were easily exposed. Another means 
employed to silence the work of God's people, was to 
make a w^ar upon the Bible — stop its circulation, and 
make the people think it could not be understood 
except by a certain educated class. All the church 
services were conducted in Latin. This the common 
people could not understand, but the priests claimed 
it was necessary in order to keep the religion pure, 
but "it had been Rome's policy, under a profession of 
reverence for the Bible, to keep it locked up in an 
unknown tongue and hidden away from the people." 

Counter Reforms. Another method employed by 
the papacy, when others failed, was to start a coun- 
ter-reform. That is, when a reform, started outside 
the church, threatened to remodel the work of the 
church, a reform would be started within the church, 
but would touch only such points and go only so far 
as was necessary to quiet the agitation, and make the 
people think there was no need of any change in the 
church. 

The Christian Church in the "Wilderness"; Re- 
formers and Their Work. During the 1260 years of 
papal rule, it seemed at times as though there would 
be no one left to bear witness for the truth, so relent- 
less were the persecutions of those times. But God 
never permitted all His people to be destroyed. The 
Waldenses were a class of people who refused to 
adopt the papal doctrines and found refuge from per- 
secution in the Piedmont Valley, among the Alps 



Fotmdation Principles 27 

Mountains between Italy and France. They kept the 
true vSabbath, and made many copies of the Scrip- 
tures, which they distributed as they went among the 
people selling merchandise. These people did much 
to prepare the way for the work of the Reformation 
of the sixteenth century. "Notwithstanding the cru- 
sades against them, and the inhuman butchery to 
which they were subjected, they continued to send 
out their missionaries to scatter the precious truth. 
They were hunted to the death; yet their blood wa- 
tered the seed sown, and it failed not of yielding 
fruit. Thus the Waldenses witnessed for God, cen- 
turies before the birth of Luther. Scattered over 
many lands, they planted the seeds of the Reforma- 
tion that began in the time of Wycliffe, grew broad 
and deep in the days of Luther, and is to be carried 
forward to the close of time by those who also are 
willing to suffer all things for 'the Word of God, and 
for the testimony of Jesus Christ.' " 

"Except among the Waldenses, the Word of God 
had for ages been locked up in languages known only 
to the learned; but the time had come for the scrip- 
tures to be translated, and given to the people of dif- 
ferent lands in their native tongue. The world had 
passed its midnight. The hours of darkness were 
wearing away, and in many lands appeared tokens of 
the coming dawn." — Great Controversy ^ pp. 78, 79. 

John Wycliffe. John Wycliffe, "The Morning 
Star of the Reformation," was born in Yorkshire, 
England, 1324. He received a liberal education, and 
when in school commenced the study of the Scriptures. 
He taught the Bible in the university at Oxford, Eng- 
land, and translated a portion of the Scriptures for 
the common people. His followers are called 
Lollards. 

Other Men of God. Luther and Melancthon were 



28 American History Outlines and Notes 

used by God to break the power of the papacy in 
Germany; Huss and Jerome in Bohemia; and John 
Calvin in France. 

"The spirit of liberty went with the Bible. Wher- 
ever the g-ospel was received, the minds of the peo- 
ple were awakened. They began to cast off the 
shackles that had held them bond slaves of ignorance, 
vice, and superstition. They began to think and act 
as men. Monarchs saw it and trembled for their 
despotism." — Gj-cat Cojitroversy^ Mrs 277 . 

Counter-Reforms Conducted by the Papacy; 
Loyola and the Jesuits. The schools conducted by 
the Christians formed one of the strongest weapons 
against the papacy. As the children and youth were 
gathered into these schools, they were taught the 
Word of God, and each made copies of portions of it 
for his own use. As these young people from these 
schools were scattered into all lands, they carried 
with them the Scriptures and taught them to the 
people. 

A system of education called The Society of 
Jesus, and nicknamed Jesuits, was established 
among the Catholics in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola, a na- 
tive of Spain. The founder of the society had been 
a military officer, but being forced to give up that 
work on account of wounds received, he devoted his 
life to the work of overthrowing the Reformation 
Painter in his "History of Education,'" says, "This 
order, established by Ignatius Loyola, found its spe- 
cial mission in combating the Reformation. As the 
most effective means of arresting the progress of 
Protestantism, it aimed at controlling education, par- 
ticularly among the wealthy and nobles." Of its 
schools he says, "More than any other agency, it 
stayed the progress of the Reformation, and it even 
succeeded in winning back territory already conquered 
by Protestantism." 



Foundation Principles 29 

"The Earth Helps the Woman." The Mental 
Awakening of Europe; Discovery of America. 

The prophecy of Revelation 12 shows that when the 
forces of Satan should cast out a flood of persecution 
against the people of God, their place of refugee 
would be found in the "wilderness" and the floods 
should be swallowed up by the earth. This was liter- 
ally true. The Piedmont Valley formed a safe re- 
treat in the Alps, and God led men of science and 
learning: to make inventions and discoveries which 
contradicted the teaching's of the Catholic church, 
thus exposing" some of its errors, and causing" many to 
lose confidence in the church. The attention of 
thinking" men, everywhere, was given to learning and 
business enterprises instead of persecuting the 
saints. In our next section we shall note how God 
brought about, through these means, the discovery of 
America. 



By all for which the martyrs bore their agony 

and shame; 
By all the warning words of truth with which 

the prophets came; 
By the Future which awaits us; by all the 

hopes which cast 
Their faint and trembling beams across the 

blackness of the Past; 
And by the blessed thought of Him who for 

Earth's freedom died, 
O my people, O my brothers! let us choose 

the righteous side. 

— Whittier. 



30 American History Outlines and Notes 



SECTION 11. 

Period of American Discoveries and 

Explorations 

1. Preliminary Preparations. 

1^ General condition of Europe. 
1"'' Religious affairs. 

r' The Crusades, 1096-1299.— Note 1. 
1^ Purpose and character of. 
2^ Influence of, upon trade, travel, and 
commerce. 
2' Political affairs.— Note 2. 

T' Principal nations taking: part in the dis- 
coveries, etc. 
1^ Spain, Portugfal, France, and England. 
2^ Travel and Commerce. 

1-' Influence of Arabian education. — Note 3. 

2^ Inventions which aid. 

3- The Northmen. 

4"- Marco Polo and his book. 

5'- John Mandeville, his travels and book. 

6'- Trade with the far East — character of. 

r^ Nations engaged — Italy, Spain, and Portu- 
gal. 
2'^ Rival Cities — Venice and Genoa. — Note 4. 
3'' Trade routes and their difficulties. 

1^ Effect of the fall of Constantinople, 
1453. 
3^ Portuguese Explorations, 1418-1487.— Note 5. 
1" Plans and work of Prince Henry the 

Navigator. 
2' Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, 
1487, by Diaz. 

2. American Discoverers and Explorers. 



Discoveries and Explorations 31 

1^ Spanish. 

1" Columbus — Biographical Sketch. 
r^ His ideas and plans. 

2'' Mistakes in his theories — importance of. 
3^ Difficulties in the way of carrying- out his 

plans. 
4'^ Voyages and discoveries. 

1^ 1492, visited San Salvador, Concep- 
tion, Cuba, and Hayti. 
2^ 1493, visited Windward group, Jamaica, 

and Porto Rico. 
3^ 1498, visited Trinidad and South Amer- 
ica. 
4^ 1502, visited Central America. 
5^ Results, and their importance. 
2'- Amerigo Vespucci — naming the Continent. 
T' Four voyages, explored coast of South 
America, and was the first to suggest a 
new continent; 1499-1504. 
3"' Ponce de Leon — 1512. 

Discovered and named Florida. 
4- Balboa, 1513. 

1'^ Crossed Isthmus of Darien, discovered 
Pacific Ocean. 
5" Cordova, 1517. 

1'' Explored Yucatan. 
6"' Cortez. 

V' With eleven vessels and 600 men con- 
quered Mexico, 1519-1521. 
2" Attempted settlement near Jamestown. 
Used Negro slaves, 1524. 
7"' Vasquez de Ayllon, 1520. 

1'^ Discoveries and explorations along coast 
of South Carolina, and kidnapped a 
number of Indians for slaves, 
8' Magellan, 1519-1522. 



32 American History Oiitlims and Notes 

r' Discovered and named Magellan Strait. 
Named the Pacific Ocean; reached 
India by South-west passage, and cir- 
cumnavigated the earth. 
9-' Narvaez, 1528. 

1"' Explored Florida. 

10- Ferdinand De Soto, 1539-1542. 

1'' Explored southern states. Discovered 
Mississippi River. 

11- Pizarro, 1531-36. 

T' Conquered Peru. 

12- Coronado, 1540. 

1'' Explored New Mexico and Arizona. 

13- Cabrillo, 1542. 

1^ Explored the Pacific coast as far north as 
Oregon. 
14"-' Early Settlements. 



Namh 


Place 


Leadkr 


Date 


Isabella 


Hayti 


Columbus 


1493 


Santa Maria 


Darien 


Balboa and 
Encisco 


1510 


Hispaniola 


Arizona 


Jesuits 


1560 


(Tucson) 








St. Augustine 


Florida 


Melendez 


1565 


Santa Fe 


New Mexico 


Espejo 


1582 



15" "Line of Demarkation." 
1'' Location. 
2" Purpose. 
2^ French. 

1-' Denys, 1506. 

T' Explored and drew a map of the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. 
2" John Verrazano, 1524. 

r^ Explored Atlantic coast from Cape Fear 
to Newfoundland. Named the country 
New France. Described the Indians. 
3"- James Cartier. 



Discoveries and Explorations 33 

T' Explored and named Gulf and River St. 

Lawrence, 1534. 
2' Ascended the wSt. Lawrence River and 
named Montreal, 1535. 
4'- Ribault, sent out by Admiral Coligfny, 1562. 
T' Built Fort Carolina and attempted a set- 
tlement -on Port Royal Harbor, South 
Carolina. 
5' Laudonniere, sent out by Admiral Coligny, 
1564. 
V" Attempted a settlement called Fort Car- 
oline on the St. John's River, Florida. 
6"^ DeGourges, 1568. 

1'' Destroyed a Spanish settlement on the 
St. John's River, Fla. Why? 
7' De Monts, 1605. 

T' First permanent French settlement in 
America. Port Royal, N. S. 
8'^ Samuel Champlain (The Father of New 
France). 
r Founded Quebec, 1608. 
2'* Discovered Lake Champlain, explored 
the St. Lawrence to Lake Huron, 1609. 
9'- Jesuit priests. 

r^ LaSalle claimed the Mississippi valley 
for France. 
1^ Discovered Ohio and Illinois Rivers, 

1669. 
2^ Reached the mouth of the Mississippi 
River and named Louisiana, 1682. 
2'^ James Marquette and Louis Joliet, 1673. 
1* Explored the central and upper part of 
the Mississippi. 
English. 
1- John Cabot, 1498. 

1" Explored coast of Labrador and planted 



34 American History Outlines and Notes 

the Engflish flag; also the banner of the 
Republic of Venice. Why? 

2- Sebastian Cabot, 1498. 

1'' Explored coast from Nova Scotia to the 
middle states. 

3- Martin Frobisher, 1576. 

r* Explored coast from Baffin Bay to strait 
which bears his name. 

4- Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1579. 

1" Explored the Pacific coast north to Oregon 
and then returned home by the western 
route and thus circumnavigated the 
earth. 
2'' Discovered tobacco near Tobaco, West In- 
dies, hence the name. 
5" Amidas and Barlow, 1584. 

r^ Explored Atlantic coast from Albermarle 
Sound to Roanoke Island. 
6- Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1582-1583. 

r^ Attempt to colonize Newfoundland. 
7' Davis, 1585. 

1'' Discovered strait which bears his name. 
8- Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584-1587. 

1'' Charter obtained. Expedition sent out 
under Amidas and Barlow 1584. Nam- 
ing of the country. 
2'' Attempt to colonize Roanoke Island, 1585. 
Cape Fear named because of its storms. 
Tobacco and potatoes found. Colonists 
return to England, 1586. 
3'' Second attempt to form a colony under 
John White, 1587. Virginia Dare born, 
Aug. 18, 1587. The "Lost Colony." 
9"' Bartholomew Gosnold, 1602. 

r' Reached America by direct voyage. Ex- 
plored the coast of Massachusetts. 



Discoveries and Explorations 35 

Named Cape Cod. 
10-' Martin Pring", 1603. 

T' Discovered Penobscot Bay. 
11- William Baffin, 1616. 
r^ Discovered Baffin Bay. 
4^ Portuguese. 

r' Vasco da Gama, 1497-1498. 

r^ Reached India by way of Africa 
2- Cabral, 1500. 

r^ With 13 vessels and 1200 men started to 
Hindustan; discovered Brazil and named 
it Terra de Santa Cruz. 
5' Dutch. 

1'-' Sir Henry Hudson (an Engflishman in Dutch 
employ). 
1^ Discovered Hudson River, 1609. 
2'' Discovered Hudson Bay, 1610. 
3, Results summarized. — Note 6. 

1^ Extent of European explorations. 

2^ Influence of Europeans in America. 

3^ Influence of the discovery of America on 

Europe. 
4^ Rival claims. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— The Crusades, 1096-1299. During the 
middle ages it became popular for the pope and 
priests to require, as a form of penance, lone pilgrim- 
ages to Jerusalem, or some spot visited by Christ or 
His disciples. It became a general belief that in or- 
der to atone for the greatest sin one had only to 
bathe in the Jordan or spend a night on Calvary. 

The Saracen caliphs, who held control of Palestine, 
treated the pilgrims with much kindness, and even 
encouraged such pilgrimages because of the revenue 
they were receiving from them. But when Palestine 



36 American Hisfoiy Outlines ami Notes 

fell into the hands of the Mohammedan Turks, the 
Catholics were insulted and persecuted severely. As 
the news of their persecutions spread throughout 
Europe, the sentiment quickly prevailed that since 
it was a righteous act to make these pilgrimagfes to 
the Holy Land, it would be a righteous act also to re- 
deem the land from the hands of the heathen. Peter 
the Hermit, stirred by what he had seen and experi- 
enced while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, resolved 
to rescue the holy sepulchre. With the encourage- 
ment of the pope, he traveled through Italy and 
France, and collected a large army to engage in 
what was called the Holy War. They marched 
against Jerusalem, massacred 7,000 infidels, and 
burned the Jews in their synagogues. They took pos- 
session of the city and founded "The Latin Kingdom 
of Jerusalem," which continued until 1187, when it 
fell into the hands of the Egyptians. Peter the Her- 
mit conducted the first crusade. 

Several crusades — holy wars — followed, either for 
the purpose of extending the conquests of the Catho- 
lics, or of recapturing Palestine. Germany and Eng- 
land also were interested, and took part in them. 

These wars had several important influences. 
Though they failed to accomplish their direct object, 
they held back for a time the Mohammedan invasion 
of Europe, and greatly increased the wealth and pow- 
er of the Catholic church. At the same time influen- 
ces were set to work which did much to weaken the 
power of the pope and overthrow despotic rule in the 
nations. Many haughty knights and nobles were 
forced to grant rights and privileges to the cities and 
to the common people in order to secure funds for 
their work. The rude people of the West, by coming 
in contact with the more polished nations of the East, 
gained from them refinement and culture. Knowl- 



Discoveries and Explorations 37 

edgfe of the sciences and learning of the East, gained 
by the crusades, awakened a desire for geographical 
discovery. These crusades also brought western 
Europe into touch with the wealth and commerce of 
the East. During this period Venice, Genoa, and 
Pisa became noted for their commerce with the East 
Indies. The explorations of John Mandeville and 
Marco Polo were inspired by this revival of learning, 
and the accounts which they published of their travels 
in Asia and Europe did much to encourage Columbus 
a hundred years later. 

Note 2.— Political Affairs. In His infinite wisdom 
and knowledge God works in mysterious ways to ac- 
complish His purposes. Long before conditions are 
ready for the gospel to advance in countries where it 
has not yet entered. He prepares agencies by which it 
is to be done. Knowing how all Europe would become 
Catholic, He divided the political power among sever- 
al nations, so that by sections, or nations. He might 
give liberty to His people. Each nation has its place 
and part in God's great plan. The principal nations 
of Western Europe, which took part in the discover- 
ies and explorations of this period, were Spain, Port- 
ugal, France, and England. God gave to each of 
these some part of the great work of exploration for 
the purpose of opening the way for America to re- 
ceive and give the gospel. The jealousy and rivalry 
among the nations only helped them to do more 
quickly the work each was to do in sending out men 
to explore new countries. 

Note 3.— Influence of Arabian Education; Inven- 
tions. For a time the Arabians were the leaders in 
education. They had schools in Africa, Spain, and 
otljer countries. They originated chemistry, devel- 
oped mathematics to a high degree, and applied the 
pendulum to the reckoning of time. It was through 



38 American History Outlines and Notes 

the influence of the Arabian schools in vSpain that 
the mariner's compass, astrolabe, and other inven- 
tions for the use of sailors, with many maps and 
charts of the stars and parts of the earth, were intro- 
duced at the rig-ht time to prepare for the discovery 
of America. 

Note 4.— Rival Cities. Their Routes. Fall of 
Constantinople. The cities of Venice on the Adri- 
atic Sea, and Genoa on the Mediterranean Sea, were 
the principal cities engag-ed in commerce with the 
East. Each city had a route of its own. The spices 
and silks were carried from India by ships into the 
Red Sea and unloaded at the north end. Here they 
were taken up by caravans of camels and carried to 
the Nile, or to Alexandria, then again placed upon 
boats which carried them to Venice. Or they were 
carried by boats through the Persian Gulf, and then 
transferred by caravans up the Black Sea, where 
they were again placed upon boats and carried to 
Genoa through Constantinople. But in 1453 Constan- 
tinople was captured by the Mohammedans who re- 
fused to allow the commerce of Catholics to pass 
through their city. This practically destroyed the 
commerce of Genoa, and set men to seeking some 
other way to get to India with their vessels. 

Note 5.— Prince Henry the Navigator; Diaz. The 
little kingdom of Portugal was one of the leaders in 
sending out vessels to explore the coast and search 
for an all-water route to India. Portuguese sailors 
were seen and known in every port. They had dis- 
covered the Azores, the Madeira, and the Cape 
Verde Islands. Prince Henry the Navigator had 
achieved great success for his country. He ex- 
plored the western coast of Africa, and opened up a 
rich commerce in gold dust, ivory, and gums. For 
forty years Portuguese sailors were exploring the 



Discoveries and Explorations 39 

western coast of Africa with hopes of findingf a way 
around that continent to India. When the southern 
cape was discovered, ships encountered such severe 
storms that it was named Cape Storm, but the king- 
of Portugal, encouraged by the discovery of the 
southern end of Africa, named it Cape of Good Hope. 
In 1487 Bartholomew Diaz succeeded in sailing 
around Africa and anchoring his vessel safely on the 
coast of India. 

Note 6. — Results Summarized. As a result of the 
success of Columbus's voyages, new fields of indus- 
try were opened to the world. Each of the four 
great nations of Europe — England, France, Spain, 
and Portug^al — in its search for an all-water route to 
India, made explorations in different portions of 
America, and for a time each occupied its separate 
territory. 

Thoug^h disappointed in their efforts to find a short- 
er route to the wealth of India, the explorers and 
early settlers found in America articles of even 
greater value to Europe than the rich silks and spi- 
ces of the far East. Quinine, Indian corn, potatoes, 
tomatoes, and turkeys were not known in Europe un- 
til carried there by the explorers returning from 
America. 

The cod fish industry off the banks of Newfound- 
land became a source of wealth to the American col- 
onies and furnished an inexhaustible fish supply for 
the poorer classes of Europe and America. 

Sugar, rice, and cotton brought to Europe from the 
East Indies sold at prices so high that only the rich 
could afford them. The Spanish explorers found 
them growing wild in America, and Columbus carried 
home with him some cotton cloth made by the natives 
of the West Indies. These articles now so exten- 
sively cultivated in the southern states and West In- 



40 American History Outlines and Notes 

dies are in general use throughout the civilized 
world. Coeoa and tobacco also were found in Ameri- 
ca and introduced into Europe. 

One very important result of the explorations of 
the sixteenth century was the sudden increase of ge- 
ographical knowledge which made it necessary to 
construct an entirely new map of the world. No pre- 
vious map had shown the continents of North and 
South America and the Pacific Ocean. This revela- 
tion of facts concerning the world "was a surprise to 
men's minds, which kindled imagination, wakened 
ideas, shattered many old bigotries of ignorance, 
emboldened both action and thought, and set a vigor- 
ous spirit of adventure and enterprise astir. By 
shifting the main seats of navigation and commerce 
from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast of Eu- 
rope, they brought fresh races into the lead of the 
world's work." 

The objects of the leading European nations in 
making explorations and settlements in America dif- 
fered as follows: — 

Spain: Her purpose seems to have been primarily 
that of conquest for territory, and plunder for wealth. 

Soon after the discovery of America, the vSpanish 
flag was firmly planted over the West Indies, the 
southern part of what is now the United States, over 
Mexico, and Peru. Through the conquest of the civ- 
ilized Indians of Mexico and Peru, Spain acquired 
immense fortunes of gold and silver and rapidly rose 
to be the most powerful nation in Europe. 

England: The English had an altogether different 
object in view. They held longer to their first pur- 
pose which was to find a western or north-western 
passage to India. They explored the eastern coast 
of America hoping to find a waterway through the 
continent. Attracted by the fur-trade with the Indi- 



Discoveries and explorations 41 

ans and the opportunities for permanent homes where 
they might enjoy both civil and religious freedom, 
they were led to form many thrifty colonies here. 

France: The early French explorations were con- 
ducted principally by the French Jesuits whose pur- 
pose was missionary work among the Indians. How- 
ever, along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, 
they established forts for the protection of their fur- 
trade with the Indians. "So we find a grim spirit of 
missionary zeal mingled with a thirst for gold. The 
cross was planted in the wilderness and the soldiers 
knelt in thanksgiving on the ground stained by the 
blood of their heretical neighbors." 

Portugal: The Portuguese were limited in Ameri- 
can possessions to Brazil but they developed into the 
leading slave traders of the world. 



Then, pale and worn, he kept his deck 

And peered through darkness. Ah, that night 
Of all dark nights! And then a speck — 

A light! a light! a light! a light! 
It grew, a starlit flag unfurled! 

It grew to be Time's burst of dawn. 
He gained a world; he gave that world 

Its greatest lesson: "On! sail on!" 

— From ''Columbtcs" by Joaguin Miller. 



42 American History Outlines and Notes 

SECTION III. 

Period of American Colonization or 

The Beginning of the American 

Nation 

1. vState the relation of the gfeographical features of 

a country to the history of the people. — Note 1. 

2. Contrast North and South America with regard to 

the following: geographical influences and show 
why a strong nation should quickly develop 
in North America rather than in South America: 
1^ Natural resources. 

2^ Adaptability to a variety of people and indus- 
tries. 
3^ Physical features and soils. 
4^ Climate and rainfall. 
5^ Rivers and harbors. 

6^ Distance from countries already developed. 
T Natural highways to the interior of the country 
and their relation to the early and later histo- 
ry of the people. — Note 2. 

3. Divine object in the reservation of America. 

4. Principles to be developed and established. 

1* Republicanismand Protestantism. (A represen- 
tative government with church and state sepa- 
rate.) 

5. Motives for colonization and preliminary move- 
ments. 

V On the part of England in granting charters and 

sending out colonies. — Note 3. 
2^ On the part of the settlers. — Note 4. 
3' On the part of both settlers and government in 

the formation of colonization campanies. — 

Note 5. 

6. The thirteen English Colonies: 



Period of Colonisation 43 

1^ Virginia — settlement. 
1- When— 1607. 
2'- Where — Jamestown. 

3" Why — The purpose of the London Company- 
was to establish the English nation in 
America and form a commercial center. 
The purpose of the settlers was to obtain 
riches and honor, and then return to Eng- 
land. 
4'"' Character of the colonists, — unwilling to work 
and unused to hard work; reckless and 
adventurous. 
5' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
1^ Religious matters. 

1^ Principal religion — Episcopalian. 
2^ Persecution of Quakers. 
2^ Educational matters, 

1^ A system of schools established very 

earlv. 
2* William and Mary College founded, 
1693. 
3'^ Forms of government. 

1* Charter, seventeen years, 1607 to 1624. 
F First charter, two years. 

1*^ Provisions of. — Note 6. 
2' Second charter, three years. 

1*' Provisions of. — Note 7. 
3" Third charter, twelve years. 
Provisions of. — Note 8. 
4=^ First Colonial Assembly, 1619. 
5'^ Labor questions. 

1^ Indentured white servants. 
2^ African slavery introduced, 1619. 
6^ First written constitution, 1621. 
7' Indian Massacres, 1622, 1644. 



44 American History Outlines and Notes 

8-' Navig-ation Acts, 1631, 1651, 1660, 1663.— 
Note 9. 
1* Causes. 
2^ Provisions. 
3' Results. 
9'^ Bacon's Rebellion. 1676.— Note 10. 
1^ Cause, 
2^ Events. 
3^ Results. 
6" Important events unclassified. 

l'^ Work and influence of John Smith. 
2' The Starving-time, 1609-1610. 
1^ Cause. 
2' Effect. 
3'^ Cultivation of tobacco, 1612. 
NOTES 
Note 1.— The Relation of Geography to History. 
The geographical features of a country which influ- 
ence the history of its people are its water courses 
and coast lines, its climate and vegetation, its moun- 
tain ranges and mineral productions. Deep, quiet 
rivers make good channels for transportaition and the 
people of the country are quite sure to be farmers 
where these rivers are skirted by broad fertile val- 
leys. Rivers having a very swift current afiford ex- 
cellent water-power, which encourages manufactur- 
ing industries. Usually the valleys along such rivers 
are narrow and the farms, if any, are small. Most of 
the people live in towns which they build around the 
factories. If there are good harbors along the coast, 
large cities are sure to spring up and the people en- 
gage in ship-building, fishing, commerce, etc. If the 
country has mountain ranges covered with large for- 
ests, the people will engage in lumbering. If there 
are deposits of valuable minerals or precious metals, 
mining will be an important industry. If climatic 



Period of Coloni^^ation 45 

conditions favor a luxuriant growth of vegetation, 
the people will be farmers, stock raisers, or fruit 
growers, according to conditions. 

The class of people attracted to a country depends 
largely upon the industrial anvantages offered by 
that country. Where the natural resources are quite 
evenly distributed over the country, all classes of 
people may be attracted to it and all parts of it will 
develop uniformly unless there are mountain ranges 
or other obstructions to keep the settlers out. A 
mountain range difficult of passage may check immi- 
gration and hold the people out of a section of the 
country for a long time, until another section is thick- 
ly settled and large cities and a strong government 
are well established. vSuch a condition did exist in 
America during the colonial period. The Appalachi- 
an Mountains and hostile Indian tribes served as a 
barrier to the westward course of English settlements. 

Note 2.— Natural Highways into the Country. A 
careful study of the maps will show the superior ad- 
vantages North. America had over South America in 
natural roadways to the interior of the continent. 
How many good harbors do you find on the Atlantic 
coast of North America? Of South America? On 
the west coast of each continent? If the early ex- 
plorers had discovered the Pacific coast first in- 
stead of the Atlantic, could they have formed so 
many prosperous settlements or have gotten into the 
interior of the country so well as by entering from 
the east? Why? Trace and count the natural road- 
ways which the early explorers traveled in exploring 
America. Trace an almost all-water route across 
the continent from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to 
the mouth of the Columbia River. 

Note 3. — Colonization Motives on part of Eng- 
land. Raleigh's attempts at colonization had failed 



46 American History Outlines and Notes 

of establishing permanent colonies, but they had in- 
terested merchants and noblemen in America. He 
gave the following reasons why a colony in America 
would be a good thing for England: Firsts the time 
would come when not enough grain and other food 
could be raised on the British Isles to support the 
population. This was especially true since so many 
farms had been made into sheep pastures. A colony 
in America would afford more room for their popula- 
tion, and produce all the food needed and to spare. 
Seco7id^ since so many farms in England were turned 
into pastures a large part of their population was 
thrown out of employment. A colony in America 
would be a good place for this poor class to find em- 
ployment, since in a new country there is always 
work for all. Thirds such a colony would make a 
good stopping point for ships searching for a north- 
west passage to India, and it would also give great 
help in weakening the power of Spain. FotirtJi^ 
"Then, too," said Raleigh, "think what a fine market 
such a colony would make for English goods. Her 
trade would help England to grow richer." 

Note 4. — Colonization Motives on part of Set- 
lers. During the Dark Ages there had been but one 
church in western Europe. The pope was the head 
of that church and no one dared question or deny his 
authority. But in 1517 commenced in Germany the 
Protestant Reformation imder Luther. By means of 
the press Luther's teachings were published all over 
Europe and a great discussion arose between the fol- 
lowers of the pope and of the reformer. These dis- 
cussions often led to much ill-feeling, to persecutions, 
and even to war. This condition in Europe, together 
with the bright prospects for securing wealth in 
America, led hundreds and thousands of people to 
eave their homes and relatives in the old world to 
makehomes in the new. 



Period of Colonisation 47 

Note 5.— Colonization Companies Formed. It 

has been shown that there were but few g-old mines in 
America and no great cities whose inhabitants were 
ready to engage in commerce with the merchants of 
Europe. Possessions in America would be valuable 
only as a constituency should be built up to possess 
the land and with which to conduct commerce. 
When the merchants of London and Plymouth began 
to comprehend the situation they asked the king for 
permission to open colonies and induce settlers to go 
to America. King James I was anxious to have 
English colonies planted in America and therefore in 
1606 he formed two companies of those asking for 
charters. These were the London Company, whose 
grant extended over four degrees of latitude (be- 
tween parallels thirty-four and thirty-eight) north- 
ward from Cape Fear; and the Plymouth Company, 
whose territory lay between parallels forty-one and 
forty-five. King James, anxious to be at peace with 
France and Spain, took care that his grant 
to these companies might not conflict with 
their possessions. Therefore his first grants of land 
extended only one hundred miles inland from the 
coast. By later grants England claimed from ocean 
to ocean. 

Note 6.— Provisions of First Charter. The land 
was to be free from military or other service to the 
king, but he was to receive one-fifth part of any 
precious metals that might be found there. 

Over every colony planted by the London Company 
the king was to appoint a Superior Council of Thir- 
teen men residing in England and subject to his will. 
This English council was to appoint another council 
of thirteen residing in the colony known as the Infer- 
ior Council. This council was to choose its own 
president who also was to be governor of the colony 



48 American History Outlines and Notes 

and was to managfe the affairs of the colony subject 
to the vSuperior Council. 

Perhaps the most important provision made by the 
charter is the one by which the king guaranteed to 
the colonists and their descendants the same rights 
and privileges "as if they had been abiding and born 
within this realm of England." This article was ap- 
pealed to a century and a half later when the 
Virginia colony was resisting the Stamp Act, 
1765. 

Following the charter, many additional instruc- 
tions were given by the king which required, — 

1. That the church of England should be main- 
tained as the only form of worship. 

2. That for five years there should be no private 
ownership of lands, but the products of each man's 
labor were to be placed in the company's warehouse 
from which all were to be fed and clothed. 

3. Each settlement was to explore all water-ways 
near it leading into the country with the hope of find- 
ing a passage to the Pacific. 

4. Trial by jury was granted in serious crime. 
Note 7. — Provisions of the Second Charter. In 

1609 the boundaries of the territory of the London 
Company were changed. The grant now extended 
from "sea to sea, west and north-west;" the eastern 
boundary being the coast for two hundred miles north 
and the same distance south from Old Point Comfort. 
This grant became the basis of Virginia's claim to 
the (3hio valley at the time of the French and Indian 
War. 

Members of the Superior Council, instead of being 
appointed by the king, were to be chosen by the 
stockholders. This council had power to elect a 
governor from their owq number, who, when elected, 
had power to rule by military law and could hang a 
man without trial by jury. 



Period of Coloni:{ation 49 

By this charter, also, Catholics were virtually shut 
out of the colony for it forbade any emigrants' settl- 
ing: in Virginia who would not take the Oath of Su- 
premacy by which the supreme authority of the pope 
was denied. 

Note 8. — Provisions of the Third Charter. By the 
provisions of the third charter the Superior Coun- 
cil was abolished and the powers of that body trans- 
ferred to the stock-holders, who could elect their own 
officers and decide all questions of right and law. 
This was a great step toward a democratic form of 
government. 

Note 9.— Navigation Acts. (In all there were no 
less than twenty-nine acts of Parliament regulating 
the commerce of the colonies. All these laws ap- 
plied alike to all the English colonies in America.) 
Date and Provisions: — 

1. 1631 — Tobacco must be exported solely to Eng- 
land. 

2. 1651 — All exports from England or her colonies 
must be carried by vessels owned and manned by 
Englishmen. 

3. 1660 — All colonial exports except what England 
did not want had to be sent to England. 

4. 1663 — All colonial imports had to come from 
England. 

5. 1672 — Duties were imposed on articles shipped 
from one colony to another. 

Causes: — 

A determination to make the industries of the 
colonies tributary to those of England, to give em- 
ployment to English seam^en, and to make a market 
for English goods. 
Results: — 

A naval war with Holland which decided the 
supremacy of England on the sea. England was 



50 A)ucrican History Outlines and Notes 

gfreatly enriched by colonial trade. Hdstilities of the 
colonies toward the mother country and a tendency 
toward unjust legislation on the part of England, 
which became one of the causes of the Revolutionary 
War. 
Note 10.— Bacon's Rebellion. Date and Cause. 

1. 1676 — One hundred years before the signing of 
the Declaration of Independence. 

2. The government gradually usurped the power of 
the people. 

3. The biennial election of the burgesses was abol- 
ished and the colonial officers extended their term 
indefinitely. 

4. Suffrage was restricted by property qualifica- 
tions, and unjust taxes were imposed. 

5. The Indians made attacks upon the colonists, 
and the governor growing rich in the Indian traffic 
refused protection to them. 

Results: — 

Bacon, after defeating the Indians, was returning to 
Jamestown when Berkeley declared him and his fel- 
lows rebels, raised an army and marched against 
them. Bacon pushed his way into Jamestown, but 
fearing the arrival of an English fleet he burned the 
town. The governor fled and Williamsburg became 
the capital (1690). Bacon suddenly died and the 
movement came to an end. The oppression of the 
people increased. Fines, imprisonment, and confis- 
cation of property followed, but the king disgusted 
with Berkeley's severity recalled him. Liberty of 
speech and of the press were restricted. 
2^ Massachusetts — settlement. 
1- When— 1620, 1628. 

2" Where — Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay. 
3' Why— Note 1. 

4'^ Character of the colonists — contrast with 
Virginia. — Note 2. 



Period of Colom:{ation 51 

Events having an influence upon Protestant 

and Republican principles. 
1^ Religious matters. 

1* Principal religfions, Puritan and Separ- 
atist.— Note 3. 
2* First Thanksg-iving Day, 1623. 
3^ Banishment of Roger Williams, 1635; 
Anne Hutchinson, 1637; John Wheel- 
wright, 1636. 
T' Cause for. 

T Biographical sketch of each. 
4* Persecution and banishment of Quak- 
ers. — Note 4. 
V Time— 1656-1661. 
2'' Cause. 
3' Results. 
5' The Salem Witchcraft. 
V' Time. 
2'" Cause. 
3" Events. 
4' Results. 
6^ Missionary work among the Indians. — 
Note 5. 
2^ Educational matters.— Note 6. 
1^ Boston Latin School, 1635. 
2^ Harvard College founded, 1636. First 

American College. 
3"* Compulsory school law, 1647, 1789. 
4^ Free school established, 1649. 
3^ Forms of government. 

1^ Plymouth — Voluntary Association, af- 
terward charter. 
2^ Massachusetts Bay — Charter. 

r'* Written constitution or Body of 
Liberties adopted by Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony, 1641. 



52 American History Outlines and Notes 

3^ Union of the two colonies — Royal 
Province. 
V' Time— 168G-1689. 
2:' Cause — Prosperity of the colony, 
their independence in gfovern- 
ment, and the influence of reports 
by persons banished from colony 
because of relig-ious views. 
'^' Results — Governor Andros appoint- 
ed Royal Governor by the king. 
Land-titles annulled, quit-rents 
demanded for the king, colonial 
legislature dissolved. Freedom 
of press denied, but liberty of 
conscience in religious matters 
allowed. 
4* Modified Charter, 1691-1776.— Note 7. 
5^ The New England town meeting — Its 
value. — Note 8. 
4'^ Union of the New England Colonies — 
1643. 
1* Colonies included. 

1' Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ply- 
mouth, New Haven. 
2^ Colonies excluded. 

r^ Why? New Hampshire and Rhode 
Island were excluded from the 
New England Confederacy be- 
cause they differed from Massa- 
chusetts on religion and govern- 
ment. 
5'^ Indian affairs. 

1'^ Early experiences wnth the Indians. 
2' King Pnilip's War, 1675-1676. 
r^ Colonies engaged. 

1" Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 



Period of Colonisation 53 

and the frontier settlements of 
all New England. 
2'^ Tribes engagfed. 

1" Wampanoag-s, Narragansetts, 
Nipmucks, and other New- 
England tribes. 
2^ Influence of Eliot's missionary- 
work. 
3'^ Causes. 

I" The prosperity and encroach- 
ment of the whites. 
2*' The unjust treatment of the In- 
dians. 
4'^ Results. 

1*^ It cost the Colonies 13 towns, 
600 lives, and more than 
$500,000. 
2*^ The Narragansetts were almost 
entirely destroyed. 
6' Events of interest unclassified. 

1^ Hooker's removal to the Connecticut 
valley, 
l"* When and why? 
T First printing press in the English Colon- 
ies set up at Carhbridge, 1639. 
3'" First American newspaper published at 

Boston, 1704. 
4"' First issue of paper money, 1690 — 
$133,338.00. 
1"^ Cause — to meet expense of General 
Phipp's expedition against Port Roy- 
al and Quebec. 
5'^ England and her American Colonies 
adopt the Gregorian calendar, Jan. 1, 
1752. 
6=^ Navigation Act of 1651 enforced, 1660. 



54 American History Outlines and Notes 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Purpose of ths Massachusetts Settle- 
ments. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth came 
to America for the purpose of preserving their fami- 
lies and securing for themselves religious liberty. 
The Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay were 
seeking both civil and religious liberty for them- 
selves. It would seem, judging from the early 
colonial experiences, that the people of Massachu- 
setts did not come here for the purpose of establish- 
ing religious liberty, but rather to secure this bless- 
ing for themselves to the exclusion of all others. 

Note 2.— Character of the Colonists. The Pil- 
grims and Puritans were of an honest, hard-working 
class, accustomed to hardships, very conscientious, 
and extremely religious. 

Note 3.— The Puritans and the Separatists. In 
England under Henry VIII a new church was formed 
which was compelled to acknowledge the king in- 
stead of the pope as supreme head. When James I. 
came to the throne, he found the following religions 
prominent: Catholic, Episcopal (Church of England), 
Puritan, and Separatist (Independent). 

The Puritans were still members of the established 
church who believed the Protestant reformation to 
be incomplete and were working as they said, to 
"purify"' English worship from "popish dregs." 
They opposed the "wearing the surplice, making 
the sign of the cross in baptism, and using the ring 
in the marriage service." 

The Separatists were Puritans but went a step fur- 
ther. They opposed the interference of the State in 
religious matters and believed that every congrega- 
tion should be independent of all other churches and 
be governed only by Christ and God. They saw no 
hope of reforming the Church of England by remain- 



Period of Colonisation 55 

ing in it, and therefore separated, which act gave 
them their name. 

Some of these Separatists who had settled in the 
small town of Scrooby, England, fled from the perse- 
cution and settled in Holland, the only country in 
Europe granting religious liberty to all classes. Be- 
ing dissatisfied with their surroundings in Amster- 
dam, they with their pastors moved to Leyden. Here 
they met hardships which reduced them to poverty. 
"From farming, to which they were used, they had 
to turn to mechanical labor. Not only they but their 
children must work, barely to live, and thus were the 
children being robbed of the strength which would 
make them vigorous men and women." It worried 
the parents to see their children growing up into 
Dutch habits and marrying into Dutch families. 
They decided to come to America, believing their 
condition could be no worse here than where they 
were, and their children would grow up to be Eng- 
lish and not Dutch. These wanderings gave them 
the name of "Pilgrims." 

Note 4.— Persecution and Banishment of Quakers. 
The general court of Massachusetts, hearing of the 
disturbance in England caused by Quakers, ordered 
(1656) that a day of fasting and prayer be kept for 
fear the teachings of the English Quakers should 
come to their colony. It was not long before they 
realized their fears. The same year two Quaker wo- 
men arrived at Boston. They were arrested, thrown 
into prison, and sent to the West Indies, and their 
books burned. A severe law was at once enacted 
imposing a fine of 100 pounds sterling on the master 
of any vessel who should bring to the colony one of 
the "cursed sect of heretics .... commonly 
called Quakers," and ordered that every Quaker who 
should enter the colony should be severely flogged 



56 American History Otitlims and Notes 

and placed in close confinement until he could be sent 
away. But the Quakers were persistent and often 
when sent away would return. The General Court 
finally resolved "to present the end of the sword 
toward the Quakers," and in 1658 an act was passed 
imposingthe death-penalty uponbanished Quakers who 
should return. Under this act, four Quakers — three 
men and one woman — were executed. With Margfaret 
Brewster who (1677) was whipped through the streets 
of Boston, the Quaker persecution ceased. "Quaker 
persistence and Quaker non-resistance had fairly 
carried the day." 

Note 5. — Missionary Work among the Indians. 
Most of the Puritans regfarded the Indians as heathen. 
Some treated them harshly and wished them out of 
the way; but John Eliot with a small company of fol- 
lowers regarded them as the "lost tribes of Israel," 
and sought to civilize and Christianize them. Eliot 
devoted his life to this noble work, and accomplished 
a great deal of good. He made friends among many 
tribes and formed settlements of "praying Indians", 
as those who professed conversion were called. 
Most of these settlements aided the English in King 
Philip's War. Eliot translated the Bible into the In- 
dian language and printed it (1660) at Cambridge on 
the first printing plant set up in America. He also 
translated other books, and sermons; and because of 
his noble work he is called "The Apostle to the In- 
dians," and was one of the editors of the New Eng- 
land Hymn Book. 

Note 6. — Education. An impulse in favor of edu- 
cation was sweeping over England during the coloni- 
al period and its influence was felt in America. 
Many of the wealthy parents either employed private 
tutors for their children or sent them to Europe for 
education. Two very strong tendencies in directions 



Period of Colonisation 57 

quite opposite were early seen workingf among' the 
Puritans — one toward narrow views and self-centered 
purposes; and the other toward breadth of mind and 
liberality toward others. Evidence of the first is 
seen in their efforts to make their own religious 
views the absolute law of the state by granting to 
none, save members of their church, the right to vote 
on questions of public interest, and by their banish- 
ing from the colony those who persisted in teach- 
ing other religions. 

We have evidence of the second in the establish- 
ment of the Free Latin School of Boston (1635), the 
oldest educational institution established in the Eng- 
lish Colonies. Two of America's noble patriots, 
Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Adams, were once 
students in this school. In 1636, the General Court 
voted 400 pounds sterling for the founding of Harvard 
College. Two years later John Harvard left to the 
school his valuable library and 750 pounds sterling. 
The Court ordered that the school be named in honor 
of its benefactor. 

In 1647, the General Court passed the ordinance 
since known as the "Great Charter of Free Educa- 
tion." The ordinance provided, in order "that learn- 
ing may not be buried in the grave of our fathers 
. . . . the Lord assisting our endeavors, it is there- 
fore ordered that every township in this jurisdiction, 
of fifty householders, shall then forthwith appoint one 
within their town to teach all such children as shall 
report to him, to read and write." It further provid- 
ed that every town of one hundred families or over 
should support a grammar school to prepare young 
men for Harvard College. Through the influence 
of these acts, free schools were opened (1649) to all 
who wished to attend. The state of Massachusetts 
in 1789 passed a law compelling attendance at school. 



58 American History Outlines and Notes 

Such liberal provisions for the education of the 
youth together with the influence of life in a new 
country and the need of union for defence against the 
Indians so overpowered the narrow tendencies alrea- 
dy mentioned that in time Massachusetts became one 
of the foremost defenders of both religious and polit- 
ical freedom in this country. 

Note 7.— Modified Charter. In 1691 King William, 
who had just come to the throne of England, granted 
a new charter to Massachusetts which annexed Ply- 
mouth and Maine to the colony, and provided (1) that 
the governor should be elected by the king; (2) that 
a colonial assembly should be elected by the proper- 
ty holders; (3) that, subject to the governor's approv- 
al, a council should be chosen by the assembly; 
(4) that these two houses should constitute the legis- 
lature, but all laws passed by them should be ap- 
proved by the governor and the king; (5) that all 
power of taxation rested with the assembly; (6) courts 
of justice were created by the legislature but the 
governor appointed the judges; (7) freedom of wor- 
ship granted to all but Catholics. 

Note 8.— New^ England Town Meeting. The 
physical features of New England are quite different 
from those of Virginia and other southern colonies. 
This difference had its influence in the form of gov- 
ernment in the two sections. In New England the. 
valleys are mostly narrow and not suited to agricul- 
tural purposes. The rivers are short and very rapid 
and furnish good water power; the hill and mountain 
sides were covered with a dense growth of timber 
suitable for lumber and ship-building. For these 
reasons the New Englanders lived in small towns and 
engaged in manufacturing. These conditions made 
it possible for each community to hold town meetings 
in which all questions of local interest were dis- 



Period of Colonisation 59 

cussed, and understood by all. Thus the spirit of 
pure democracy was fostered. 

One author says, "Thomas Jefferson of Virgfinia la- 
mented that his colony did not do the same. He said 
that New England town meetings had proved them- 
selves the wisest invention ever devised by the wit of 
man for the perfect exercise of self government." 
But in Virginia the conditions differ. The rivers are 
not rapid and do not furnish water-power, and are 
better suited to navigation. The broad valleys and 
large plantations encouraged a wider distribution of 
the people which made the New England system of 
town meetings impractical for general government. 
It was in Virginia, however, that the representative 
system of government early took root as seen in the 
House of Burgesses. 

3^ New York — settlement. 

1' When— 1623. (Trading station 1614). 

2"' Where — New Amsterdam and Fort Orange 

— now Albany. 
3' Why — to establish a constituency to hold 
the land and make permanent their trad- 
ing stations. 
4"- Character of colonists — the first settlers were 
of the poor or of the middle class under 
the leadership of a wealthy person to whom 
a grant of land was made. Later, New 
York became quite cosmopolitan and 18 
different languages were spoken in the 
colony. 
5' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
T' Religious matters. 
1^ Principal religions. 
1' Dutch Reformed. 
2'^ English Episcopal. 



60 American History Outlines and Notes 

2^ Religious Freedom. — Note 1. 
1^ Persecution of Quakers. 
2^ Exclusion of Catholics. 
2'^ Educational matters. 

1^ A church school established 1633 in 

New Amsterdam. — Note 2. 
2^ King-'s College (Columbia) founded 
1754. 
3^ Forms of government. 

1* Dutch Proprietary, 1623-1664.— Note 3. 
V" Four Dutch governors — Peter Min- 
uet, Wouter Van Twiller, Wil- 
liam Kieft, and Peter Stuyves- 
ant. 
2^ English Proprietary. 
3' English Royal Province, 1685-1776. 
4^ Arrival of the Walloons (French Protest- 
ants) 1623. 
5^ Arrival of the Patroons, 1629. 
6' Indian troubles, 1640-1645. 
T Jacob Leisler, two-years' governorship, 

1689-1691.— Note 4. 
8'^ Freedom of the press established, 1734. 
6'^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1^ Negro Plot. 

1^ Cause — some mysterious fires and 

house-robberies by slaves. 
2* Results — 4 white persons hanged, 11 
negroes burned, 18 negroes hanged, 
and 50 sold to the West Indies. 
Later verdict, "not guilty; no plot." 

NOTES 

Note 1 — Religious Freedom. Since the purpose 
of founding the New York colony was to establish a 
commercial constituency in America, no one was ex- 



Period of Colonisation 61 

eluded from the colony during its early history on ac- 
count of nationality or religion, but the Dutch gov- 
ernors believed in making the Dutch Reformed 
Church the legal religion of the Colony. Peter Stuy- 
vesant, the last of the four Dutch governors, issued 
an order (1656) to the effect that anyone preaching 
without a license should be fined 100 pounds sterling 
and each hearer a fine of 25 pounds sterling. 

In 1657 when the first Quaker made his appearance 
in the colony, he was flogged and imprisoned in a 
dungeon until sent from the colony. Later the gov- 
ernor forbade the public exercise of any religion save 
that of the Dutch Reformed Church "in houses, 
barns, woods, ships, or fields." Stuyvesant was 
severely rebuked by the proprietors of the West 
India Company for his severity and all perescution 
ceased. 

In 1665 a code of laws was prepared for the colony 
known as "Duke's Laws," in which perfect religious 
freedom was guaranteed to all Christians. 

Note 2. — Church School. One of the conditions 
by which the Patroons were to hold their lands was 
that they should support on each estate a school 
teacher and a minister. The school established in 
1633 at New Amsterdam "still flourishes under the 
name of the 'School of the Collegiate Reformed 
Church' and is the oldest institution of learning in 
the United States." 

Note 3.— Dutch Proprietary Government. The 
Dutch East India Company which sent Henry Hud- 
son in search of a short route to India gave little re- 
gard to the results of his explorations: but other mer- 
chants in Amsterdam saw an opportunity to build up 
a fur trade with the Indians. They obtained permis- 
sion to establish trading posts and operate in 
the region of the Hudson River. They estab- 



62 American History Outlines and "Notes 

lished forts and stations on Manhattan Island 
and on the Hudson near the present site of 
Albany. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company 
was created and all the rights and privilegfes of the 
former company transferred to it. The stockholders 
of this company in order to encourage home-building 
rather than fur-trading among the settlers adopted 
what is known as the patroon system. Each stock- 
holder who should establish a colony of fifty persons 
above the age of fifteen was given full title to an estate 
having sixteen miles water frontage on one side or eight 
miles if on both sides of one of the navigable streams 
of the company's grant in America. They could ex- 
tend their estate as far inland as they desired. 
These Patroons, as the land-holders were called, 
were bound by the company to pay the transporta- 
tion from Holland, to stock their farms on his estate 
for them with horses, cattle, and such agricultural 
implements as might be necessary, for the use of 
which he might charge a small rent but no taxes. 
He was also to support a schoolmaster and a minis- 
ter. One the other hand the colonists agreed to cul- 
tivate the patroon's land for ten years during which 
time they were not to leave without permission. 
They were to give the patroon the first opportunity 
to buy any produce they might have for sale. They 
agreed to grind their grain on his mill and pay for 
the grinding, and could not hunt or fish without his 
permission. In short, each patroon had absolute 
authority over his e'state and those residing upon it. 
This Patroon system led to the "anti-rent" trouble of 
1844. 

Note 4.— Governorship of Jacob Leisler. Because 
Governor Nicholas of New York had not received 
official notice that William of Orange had been made 
king of England, he refused to believe the report 



Period of Colom^afion 63 

when it was borne to him (1689) and still declared his 
alleg-iance to James II. Captain Jacob Leisler of the 
New York Militia, knowing: the hatred of the Dutch 
toward the Catholics, and sharing" with the colonists 
in this feeling:, openly denounced Governor Nicholas 
as a Papist. When the report came soon after this 
that a French fleet was coming- into the harbor, the 
city was thrown into consternation. As no efforts 
were made to streng^then the defense ag^ainst them, 
Captain Leisler with a band of citizens seized the 
fort, declaring: that he would hold it until King: Wil- 
liam should send a Protestant g-overnor to the colony. 
Nicholas seeing: that the common people had turned 
against him soon set sail for Eng^land, and Leisler 
was made g:overnor of the colony by an assembly of 
colonists. Althoug-h opposed by most of the proper- 
ty holders, he held the position for nearly two years, 
1689-1691, and ruled with almost absolute authority. 
Because he refused to surrender the fort to the 
king:'s authorized ag:ent before the new gfovernor 
came, he was tried for treason and hang:ed as a 
traitor. 

4} New Hampshire — settlement, 
r' When— 1623. 

2"- Where — at Dover and at Portsmouth. 
3"^ Why — The first settlements were only fish- 
ing: hamlets. Later, dissenters from the 
Massachusetts colony formed settlements 
for the purpose of g:reater civil and religf- 
ious liberty. 
4' Character of colonists — g:enerally poor, but 

firm in relig^ious convictions. 
5" Events having: an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles, 
r^ Relig-ious matters. 

1^ Principal relig:ion. Episcopal. — Note 1. 



64 American History Outlines and Notes 

2'^ Educational matters. 

!■* Dartmouth Collegfe founded 1769 
Daniel Webster was a graduate ot 
this collegfe. 
3' Forms of gfovernment. — Note 2. 
1' Proprietary, 1623-1641. 
2^ Under Massachusetts rule, 1641-1580. 
3' Royal Province, 1680-1690. 
4^ Three times united with and as many 
times separated from Massachusetts, 
1690-1741. 
5' Royal Province, 1741-1746. 
4"' Indian depredations. Because of the ex- 
posed position of these settlements, 
they suffered much from the Indians. 
6" Events of interest unclassified. 

P Gorges and Mason dissolve partnership, 

1629. 
T Culture of flax and manufacture of linen, 
1720. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Principal Religion. Ferdinando Gorges 
and John Mason were deadly eneinies of Massachu- 
setts, as they held to the Church of England. They 
hated the whole Puritan movement and opposed the 
Reformed Party in Parliament. They encouraged 
members of the Church of England and dissenters 
from Massachusetts to form settlements in their ter- 
ritory. It was because of differences in religion 
that the New Hampshire settlements were denied 
protection under the New England Confederacy of 
1643. While New Hampshire was under the protec- 
tion of Massachusetts, many Puritans formed settle- 
ments along the Merrimac River. 

Note 2.— Forms of Government. By the terms of 



Period of Colonii;;ation 65 

a charter granted to the Massachusetts Bay Colony 
(1629), the northern boundary of that colony was 
defined as lying: three miles north of the Merrimac 
and extending: east and west from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, It would seem that the gfeography of Amer- 
ica was not well understood by the English Court for 
this grant as interpreted by Massachusetts conflicted 
with the grant to Gorges and Mason. Massachusetts 
claimed the territory as far north as three miles 
north of the source of the Merrimac, and east from 
this point to the ocean. Such blunders in granting 
of charters led to great confusion and trouble in the 
colonies. 

5^ Connecticut — settlement. 
1- When— 1633, 1636, 1638. 
2" Where — Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield, 

Saybrook, New Haven. 
3" Why — acquisition of territory and greater 

civil and religious liberty. — Note 1. 
4" Character of colonists — energetic, hard- 
working, well-to-do, willing to endure hard- 
ships. The Connecticut settlements were 
made by broad, liberal-minded Puritans 
from Massachusetts. The New Haven and 
neighboring settlements were of devout 
Puritans from England, of the strictest 
type. 
5' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles, 
r^ Religious matters. 
1^ Principal religion. 

1" Northern settlements — progressive 

Puritans. 
2' Southern settlements — conserva- 
tive Puritans. 
2^ Religious liberty granted from the first 
in Connecticut. 



66 American History Outlines and Notes 

3^ Convention held in barn, 1639. 

1' Mosaic law adopted as the law of 
the colony. 
2'' Educational matters. 

1* Received attention very early. 

2' The "Fundamental Orders" (1639) 

made provision for a free school. 
3^ A system of free schools established 

throughout the colony, 1650. 
4' Yale College founded, 1701. 
3'^ Forms of government. — Note 2. 

1^ Saybrook colony was Proprietary un- 
til 1644. 
2^ Connecticut and New Haven each vol- 
untary association until 1665. 
3^ All united under charter, 1665 to 1687. 
4^ Royal, during Andros' governorship in 

New England, 1687 to 1689. 
5' Charter, 1689-1776. 
4' Pequot War, 1637. 

1^ Influence of Roger Williams. 
2' Result. 
5' Connecticut joins the New England Con- 
federacy, 1643. 
6'^ Protection given to fugitive "Regicides", 
1661. 
1^ Names of "Regicides" — Gofife and 

Whalley. 
2^ Davenport's sermon. 
7'^ Andros' attempts to get the charter, 1687. 
6' Events of interest unclassified. 

NOTES 

Note 1. — Purpose of Settlement. The first Hart- 
ford settlement was a Dutch trading-post and fort 
erected to hold the territory for New Netherlands 



Period of Colo niy at ion 67 

and to carry on fur trade with the Indians. 

The reasons for the migration from Massachusetts 
to Connecticut may be briefly summed up as follows: 

1. In 1535 about 3,000 settlers came to Massachusetts 
and complaints began to be made that the narrow 
coast did not afford enough good lands to support the 
colonists, a large part of whom were stockraisers. 

2. The fertile valley of the Connecticut offered to 
them better industrial advantages and abundant room 
for all. 

3. Many, even of the Puritans, were becoming dis- 
satisfied with the stringent religious laws of Massa- 
chusetts and were beginning to adopt the idea of a 
separation of church and state. 

Note 2.— Forms of Government. Although Thom- 
as Hooker was a Strict Puritan in religious matters, 
he held to principles^ of government much more lib- 
eral than those for which JMassachusetts stood. He 
thought that matters of business which concerned all 
should be regulated by a council chosen by all. These 
views were not so extreme as those taught by Roger 
Williams, or as those held by Governor Winthrop of 
Massachusetts. In 1639 he called a convention at 
Hartford for the purpose of adopting a form of gov- 
ernment for the settlements of Hartford, Windsor, 
and Wethersfield. The convention drew up and 
adopted the "Fundamental Orders", a brief statement 
of the fundamental principles of their government. 
It provided that it could be altered or the provisions 
repealed by the General Council, which was a repre- 
sentative assembly consisting at first of four deputies 
from each town, chosen by the people. The "Ord- 
ers" did not recognize either the government of 
Massachusetts or the king of England. The highest 
authority which it did recognize w^as the people them- 
selves. No religious test was required of either citi- 



68 American History Outlines and Notes 

zens or officers except of the governor, who must be 
a Puritan. 

The "Fundamental Orders" are often spoken of as 
"the first written constitution ever drawn up by a 
people for the g^ovornment of themselves." Of that 
first Hartford Convention, Alexander Johnston says, 
"It is on the banks of the Connecticut, under the 
mighty preaching of Thomas Hooker, and in the con- 
stitution to which he gave life if not form, that we 
draw the first breath of that atmosphere which is now 
so familiar to us. The birthplace of American de- 
mocracy is Hartford." 

The colony under the leadership of John Daven- 
port, located at New Haven, adopted principles of 
government differering widely from those already 
noticed in Connecticut. In 1639 the New Haven set- 
tlers met in a large barn, and, upder the influence of 
their leader, adopted a code of laws by which they 
attempted to apply the laws of Moses in conducting 
all the affairs of the colony. Trial by jury was de- 
nied because it was not found in the Mosaic law. 
They declared "That the words of God shall be the 
onely rule to be attended unto in ordering the affayres 
of government in this plantation." 

In 1662 John Winthrop jr., son of the governor of 
Massachusetts, went to England and secured a char- 
ter for Connecticut. By his eloquence and pleasing 
address he was able to secure the most liberal char- 
ter held by the American colonies. By the terms of 
this charter, the New Haven colony and her neigh- 
bors were annexed to Connecticut. This act dis- 
pleased the colonists in New Haven very much and 
they sent earnest protests to the king. But the pre- 
vious year (1661) the English regicides had fled to 
New Haven and were successfully secreted by the 
colony from the officer who came to arrest them and 



Period of Colonisation 69 

take them back to Engfland, and for this reason the 
king turned a deaf ear to all the protests from New- 
Haven. One reason why New Haven objected to 
uniting under the charter was because of the liberal 
principles of government and religion which it 
supported. 

6' Maryland — settlement. 
r When-1634. 
2' Where— St. Mary's. 

3' Why — asylum for persecuted English Cath- 
olics. 
4"' Character of colonists — a few wealthy Cath- 
olics with a large number of working men, 
many of whom were Protestants. 
5'-' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
T' Religious matters. 
1* Principal religion. 

r^^At first Catholics in majority. 
2'^ Later, Protestants in majority, 
Puritans and Episcopalians. 
2' Toleration Act, 1649. 

1" All forms of Christian religion pro- 
tected by law except Quakers 
and Unitarians. 
3' Civil war, 1655-1692.— Note 1. 
V Cause, 
2' Events. 
3' Results. 
4* Banishment of Quakers. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1^ No special attention given to educa- 
tion before the Revolution. 
2* Washington College established, 1782. 
3'^ Forms of government. — Note 2. 
1' Proprietary, 1634-1691. 



70 American History Outlines and Notes 

2' Royal Province, 1691-1715. 
3' Proprietary, 1715-1776. 
4' Clayborne's Rebellion, 1635, 1645. — 
Note 3. 
1* Cause. 
2'* Events. 
3' Results. 
5'^ Commission appointed to reorganize gfov- 
ernment of colony. 
6" Events of interest unclassified. 
P Boundary disputes. 

1^ Mason and Dixon Line, 1763-1767. 
2* Cultivation of tobacco and wheat. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Civil War. Cause— influence of Civil 
War in England. The Toleration Act by Baltimore 
induced many Protestants to settle in Maryland. 
They gained control of the Legislative Asssembly 
and, because of both Catholics and Protestants' tak- 
ing sides with their respective parties in England, 
manifested a hostile spirit toward the Catholics. 
When laws were passed depriving the Catholics of 
civil rights, war followed. 

Events — several battles fought. Three Catholic 
leaders were tried and executed. Baltimore rein- 
stated when the Stewarts were restored to power in 
England. In 1689 war again opened between the 
Catholics and the Protestants. The Catholics were 
defeated and the Protestants held the government 
two years. 

Results — Maryland become Royal Province, 1691. 
Baltimore's privileges restored to his heirs, 1715. 

Note 2. — Forms of Government. By the terms of 
the charter granted to Lord Baltimore, he was given 
almost absolute authority over his colony. He had 



Period of Colouration 71 

the rigfht to coin money, appoint judges, and to reg'u- 
late all the affairs of the colony. One restriction 
was placed upon his authority in that the laws of the 
colony should be made "by and with the advice, as- 
sent, and approbation of the free men of said prov- 
ince, or their deleg^ates or deputies." 

The charter denied the right of the English govern- 
ment to lay taxes upon the colonists within the 
province, and no taxes could be collected until voted 
by the colonial legislature. The colonists were to 
enjoy all the rights of Englishmen in the mother 
country and Baltimore was to do nothing contrary to 
the wishes of the king. 

Note 3. — Clayborne's Rebellion. Clayborne held, 
by grant from the king, a small settlement and trad- 
ing station on Kent Island. Lord Baltimore's grant 
conflicted with this. Clayborne refused to surrender 
his station. War followed. The dispute was carried 
to England for settlement and decided in favor of 
Baltimore. Clayborne took advantage of the trouble 
between Catholics and Protestants. He was finally 
defeated by the Catholics and lost all claim to the 
colony. 

7^ Rhode Island — settlement. 
1- When— 1635, 1638, 1639. 

2'^ Where — Providence, Portsmouth, Newport. 
3" Why — Persecution of dissenters in Massa- 
chusets drove many from that colony. 
Roger Williams and other Baptists founded 
Providence as a refuge for the oppressed 
of all classes. Mrs. A.nne Hutchinson and 
her followers founded Portsmouth and 
Newport for the same purpose. 
4'' Character of the colonists — honest, consci- 
entious, broad-minded, hard-working, and 
liberty-loving, willing to grant to others 



72 American History Outlines and Notes 

the privileges they asked for themselves. 
Rhode Island is called the "Cradle of Lib- 
erty of Conscience." 
5^ Events having- an influence on Protestant 
and Republican principles, 
r' Religious matters — Note 1. 
1* Principal religions. 
V' At first Baptist. 
2;' Later, largely Quakers. 
2* Perfect religious freedom to all, 
whether Protestants, Catholics, Jews, 
or unbelievers, maintained from the 
first. 
3' First Baptist Church in America or- 
ganized 1G39 by Roger Williams, 
Ezekiel Holliman and ten others. 
T Educational matters. 

1^ Education received attention very 

early. 
2^ Brown University, 1764. Although a 
Baptist school, the charter required 
that Quakers, Episcopalians and 
Congregationalists be represented 
in the board of trustees. 
3'' Forms of government. — Note 2. 

I'* Voluntary Association, 1636-1644. 

2' Charter, 1644-1686. 

3^ Royal Province under Governor An- 

dros, 1687-1689. 
4' Charter, 1689-1776, and slightly modi- 
fied still retained as the constitution 
for the state until Dorr's Rebellion, 
1842. 
4^ Convention of 1641. 

1^ Duration — three days. 
2^ Measures adopted. 



Period of Colonisation 73 

V A democratic form of government. 
2^ Religious liberty guaranteed. 
3" Name — "The Plantation of Phode 
Island." 
6' Events of interest unclassified. 

1^ The Island of Rhodes purchased from the 
Indians for 40 fathoms of white beads, 
worth $2.50 per fathom, 1638. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Religious Matters. Roger Williams was 
banished from Massachusetts because of his teach- 
ing doctrines believed by the Puritans to be danger- 
ous to their commonwealth. The principal teach- 
ings to which objection was made were: — 

1. That the king had no right to make grants giv- 
ing away the Indian lands but that the lands should 
be purchased from the Indians. 

2. He advocated the separation of church and 
state. 

3. He denounced the Puritans' laws compelling 
church attendance and Sabbath observance. 

4. He declared that the people should not be taxed 
to support the church. 

Note 2. — Forms of Government. Rhode Island 
was settled without authority from the king, there- 
fore the government was in the hands of the settlers, 
and is known as Voluntary Association. In 1643 
Roger Williams went to England and secured a char- 
ter uniting the various settlements around Narragan- 
set Bay under the name of "Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations." This charter gave no grant of 
lands but granted the colonists full power to rule 
themselves under such form of government as they 
might choose, provided they enacted no laws contra- 
ry to the laws of England. In 1663, John Clarke 



74 American History Outlines and Notes 

went to England and obtained a second charter, 
which confirmed all the privileges of the first and ex- 
pressly declared that no one shonld be "in any wise 
molested .... for any differences of opinion in 
matters of religion." When (1686) Governor Andros, 
with authority from the king, came to take their char- 
ter and to dissolve their government, he failed to get 
the charter. The colony yielded partial submission 
to Andros but after he was overthrown they turned 
to their charter form of government. So broad and 
liberal were the provisions of the charter that it vir- 
tually made Rhode Island a little republic. The 
settlers were so well pleased with it that they made 
it (1776) the constitution of their state until 1842, the 
only change being made in it was to strike out the 
clause requiring allegiance to the king and to put in 
its place one requiring allegiance to the state. 

Providence is called the "birthplace of complete 
religious and political liberty in the United States." 

In working out their form of government the right 
to vote was first restricted to heads of families and 
later to property holders who had resided in the col- 
ony for some time. 

For a time in the later history of the colony. Cath- 
olics were not allowed to vote, though the exercise 
of their religion was not interfered with. 

Williams early met a spirit of anarchy in the colo- 
ny. Men arose who taught that there should be no 
laws and no officers if perfect liberty was to be en- 
joyed, but he silenced such teaching and showed 
where "liberty ceased to be a virtue and became a 
danger." He wrote, "a true picture of a common- 
wealth is a ship at sea, with many hundred souls 
. . . . whose weal and woe is common." He went 
on to explain that these passengers might be Jews, 
Turk?, Protestants, or Catholics, but that none 



Period of Coloni:{ation 75 

should be required to come to the ship's prayers or be 
kept from their own; but that it is the captain's duty 
to collect fares, to direct the work of the seamen, 
and to keep the ship in its course. 
8^ Delaware — settlement. 
1- When— 1638. 

2"- Where — Christiana (now Wilming-ton), 
3" Why — to establish homes and trading posts 
and to build up a New Sweden in 
America. 
4" Character of colonists — ambitious and 

sturdy. 
5'' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
1^ Religious matters, 
1^ Principal religion. 

V' After 1681, Quakers. 
2' Full liberty granted to all except 
atheists. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1^ Received no special recognition by 
law before the Revolution. 
3^ Forms of government. — Note. 

1^ Under Swedish rule — no form men- 
tioned, 1638-1655. 
2* Under Duke of York, 1655-1682. 
3* Under Pennsylvania, 1682-1703. 
4^ Under the same governor as Pennsyl- 
vania, but with a separate legisla- 
ture, 1703-1776. 
4'' Slavery prohibited by the Swedes, but 
introduced under Dutch rule. 
6" Events of interest unclassified. 
NOTE 
Forms of Government. In 1638 the Swedes built a 
fort and trading station on the present site of Wil- 



76 American History Outlines and Notes 

ming'ton and named it Christiana. Although the 
Dutch claimed the territory, they made no opposition 
to the Swedish settlements until after the nations of 
Europe promised to uphold the kingdom of Holland 
at the close of the "Thirty Years War." In 1655 
armed forces under Peter Stuyvesant, governor of 
New York, forced the Swedes to surrender. This 
ended the Swedish rule in America. The Dutch 
promised not to interfere with the forms of worship 
practiced by the Swedes. 

When the English took possession of New Nether- 
lands, 1694, Deleware came under the possession of 
the Duke of York, who sold it to William Penn, 
(1682) in order to give him a water passage to the 
sea. In 1701 the "three lower counties on the Dela- 
ware," as this territory was called, asked for a 
separate government. Two years later, Penn granted 
them a charter allowing them to establish their own 
legislature. The new charter granted freedom of 
worship to all but atheists and provided no one 
should be taxed to support a religion to which he 
conscientiously objected. It also made eligible to 
•civil office all persons who professed faith in Jesus 
Christ, and would take the oath of allegiance to the 
king and to the proprietor. 
9 & 10^ Carolina. 

r^ Grant of land. — Note 1. 

1^ Provisions of. 
2^ Settlements. 
3"^ Government. — Note 2. 
1' Grand Model. 
1* Its origin. 
2^ Plan of government. 
3* Religious freedom. 
4^ Success or failure. Why? 
4"^ Division of territory, 1729. Why? 



Period of Colonisation 77 

9^ North Carolina — settlement. 

r^ When — 1663. Trading- post established by 

Virgfinia settlers in 1651. 
2'- Where — near Albemarle Sound. 
3' Why — to establish homes, obtain wealth, and 

hold territory for English. 
4' Character of the colonists — honest, con- 
scientious, and liberty loving. — Note 3. 
5"' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
V" Religious matters. 

1^ Principal religions — varied and toler- 
ant. 
2^ Precedence given to Church of Eng- 
land. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1^ University of North Carolina, 1789. 
3'^ Forms of government, 
r Proprietary, 1663-1729. 
2' Royal Province, 1729-1776. 
4'^ Tuscarora Indian war, 1711-1713. 

1^ One hundred thirty persons killed. 
2^ The Indians are defeated and then 
joined the Iroquois, making the sixth 
nation in the Iroquois league. 
6"' Events of interest unclassified. 

r^ Manufacture of pitch, tar, turpentine, and 
resin. 
10' South Carolina — settlement, 
r' When— 1670. 
2" Where — Charleston. 

3'^ Why — for wealth, homes, and territory. 
4'- Character of colonists — polyglott colony. 
Settlers were of the middle classes, steady 
and hard working. — Note 4. 
5' Events having an influence on Protestant 



78 American History Outlines and Notes 

and Republican principles, 
r^ Religious affairs. 

1^ Principal religfions — many but toler- 
ant. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1^ Private tutors employed by wealthy 
planters, and children sent to Eng- 
land for college education. 
3"^ Forms of government. 

1^ Proprietary with North Carolina until 

1729. 
2' Royal Province, 1729—1776. 
4^ War with Spaniards at St. Augustine, 

1702. 
5'' Spaniards and French attack Charleston, 

1706. 
6'^ Yamassees Indian War, 1715. 
6" Events of interest unclassified. 

1" Cultivation of rice, 1694; influence upon 

slavery. 
2'^ Cultivation of indigo, 1742; influence. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— The Grant of Land. In 1662, two years 
after Charles II ascended the throne of England, 
Lord Clarenden and seven associates obtained a 
grant of land in America, south of Virginia. It in- 
cluded the coast from Albemarle Sound to the St. 
John's River. It thus over-lapped Virginia's claim 
one-half degree and extended southward into terri- 
tory claimed by Spain about seventy miles south of 
St. Augustine. Of course the Spanish resisted this 
encroachment upon their territory and it soon led to 
trouble between the southern English settlements 
and the Spanish in and about St. Augustine. The 
grant gave the proprietors power to make all laws 



Period of Colonisation 79 

necessary for the colony, but provided that their laws 
should be approved by the majority of the free-hold- 
ers. They could grant religious liberty just as far 
as they "saw fit and reasonable." 

Note 2.— Government under the Proprietors— 
The Grand Model. In order to secure the best 
government possible the proprietors employed an 
English philosopher, John Locke, to draw up a 
scheme of government for them. The scheme was 
an elaborate one and is known as the Grand Model. 
It provided that all laws were to be made by a Parlia- 
ment consisting of the "Proprietors (or their depu- 
ties), together with the nobility and a small portion 
of the untitled landholders." But the Proprietors 
had the power of veto over any laws enacted by this 
Parliament. It seems to have been their intention 
to place as little power as possible in the hands of 
the common people. 

Freedom of worship was granted to all persons who 
acknowledged that there is a God, and did not oppose 
the taking of oaths. The protection of the law was 
not extended to persons above seventeen who were 
not members of some church or religious society. 
Only the Church of England could receive support 
from public taxation. 

The Proprietors tried for many years to make a 
success of their "Model" government. But the in- 
dependent spirit which grew up in the northern 
settlements caused them so much trouble that, in 
1720, Carolina was made a royal province and, in 1829, 
the proprietors sold all their interests to the crown, 
who divided it into two provinces, North Carolina 
and vSouth Carolina. 

Note 3.— Character of the Colonists— North Car- 
olina. When the first colonists came from Europe 
they found the many hunters and trappers called 



80 American History Outlines and Notes 

"poor whites" who had come from Virginia and 
settled at various places in the northern part of the 
territory. They also found a settlement of Quakers 
who had been driven from Virginia in 1653. 

Note 4.— Character of the Colonists— South Car- 
oHna. Among the immigrants to Charlesten and 
vicinity were many Huguenots (French Protestants) 
who fled from persecution in France. They repre- 
sented a noble, educated, conscientious class of 
citizens, who added strength to the colony. From 
them sprang Henry Laurens and Francis Marion of 
Revolutionary fame. Peter Faneuil, Paul Revere, 
and John Jay are of Huguenot descent but from other 
colonies. 

11^ New Jersey — settlement. 

1" When — 1655 (A trading post formed by the 

Dutch at Bergen in 1617.) 
2'^ Where — Elizabethtown. 
3" Why — for homes, greater liberties, territory 

and wealth. 
4"^ Character of colonists — thrifty and liberty 

loving. 
5" Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
1^ Religious affairs. 

1^ Principal religions. 
V Quakers. 
2:' Presbyterian. 
2* Proprietors publish the "Concession," 
1677. 
1' Men of all races and religions de- 
clared equal before the law. 
2' New Jersey becomes a home for 
the oppressed. 
2'' Educational matters. 

1^ Public schools established in 1695. 



Period of Coloni:(ation 81 

2^ Princeton college founded in 1746. 
3^ Forms of gfovernment. — Note. 
1^ Proprietary, 1665—1689. 
1' Liberal constitution. 
2^ No settled form, 1689-1702. 
3^ United with New York under one 
governor but with separate legisla- 
tive assembly, 1702 — 1738. 
4^ Separated from New York with separ- 
ate governor, 1738 — 1776. 
5* First general assembly of New Jersey, 
1681. 
V Doctrine of the "Concession" re- 
affirmed. 
4'^ Quakers purchase West Jersey, 1675. 
5'^ Penn and eleven other Quakers purchased 
East Jersey, 1682. 
6"^ Events of interest unclassified. 

1^ Newark and Middletown founded, 1666. 
2^ New Jersey divided into East and West 

Jersey, 1676. 
3^ Trouble over the land titles. 

NOTE 

Forms of Government. The proprietors granted 
their new colony a liberal constitution. It provided 
for a governor, a council, and a popular legislative as- 
sembly. . All taxes were to be levied by the repre- 
sentatives of the people. Freedom of conscience 
was guaranteed to every citizen. The proprietors 
reserved the right to appoint a governor and colonial 
judges and to receive a smallrent of one-half penny per 
acre. 

12^ Pennsylvania — settlement. 
. 1- W^hen— 1681. 

2- Where— Chester, 1681; Philadelphia, 1682. 



82 American History Outlines and Notes 

3"' Why — asylum for persecuted Quakers. 
4'' Character of the colonists — steady, industri- 
ous, simple in habits. 
5' Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
P Religious matters. 

1"* Principal religion — Friends or Quak- 
ers. 
2' The "Great Law", 1682.— Note 1. 

1^' Freedom and protection guaranteed 
to all bodies of the Christian re- 
ligion. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1^ Industrial education received first at- 
tention. The laws required that all 
children should learn some useful 
trade. 
2^ A system of schools was established. 
3^ Publication of Poor Richard's Almanac 

commenced, 1732. 
4^ University of Pennsylvania founded, 
1749. 
3^ Forms of government. (Pennsylvania 
remained under Penn's heirs until the 
Revolution.) 
1^ Provisions of the grant given to Penn. 

—Note 2. 
2' Proprietary, 1681-1692. 
3^ Under the Royal Governor of New 

York two years, 1692-1694. 
4* Proprietary, 1694-1776. 
4^ Relations with Delaware. 
6^ Events unclassified. 

1'' Penn's treaty with the Indians. 
2:' Mason and Dixon Line, 1663-1667. Why 
so called? 



Period of Colom'iatmn 83 

3^ Tax troubles. 

4^ Second printing- press in the English 

colonies set up at Philadelphia, 1686. 
5'^ Protests against slavery, 
6'^ Discovery of iron, 1720. 
7"' Discovery of anthracite coal, 1791. 

NOTES 

Note 1. — "The Great Law." Penn called a gener- 
al assembly or convention of the people to adopt a 
general form of government. They met at Chester, 
Dec. 4-7, 1682, and enacted "The Great Law", which 
provided that "God" might "have his due, Caesar his 
due, and the people their due." Of the many pro- 
visions of "The Great Law" the following are most 
important: — 

1. The right to vote for member of the legisla- 
tive assembly was restricted to men of good charac- 
ter who "profess and declare they believe in Jesus 
Christ," and were tax payers. 

2. Only those who professed Christianity could 
hold office or sit in the Legislature. Later, Catholics 
were denied the privilege of voting or holding 
office. 

3. Every colonist, if arrested, might demand a 
trial by jury; Indians when arrested could have six 
members on the jury from their own race. Wilful 
murder only was punished by death. The prisons 
were more than places of confinement; they were 
schools of industry and reform. 

4. The laws of the colony were to be printed and 
taug-ht to all children. 

5. "No persons" who should confess "Almighty 
God to be the Creator, upholder, and ruler of the 
world" and live peaceably should "in any wise 
be molested" or "compelled to frequent or maintain 



84 American History Outlines. and Notes 

any religious worship," but all persons were required 
to respect Sunday as the Sabbath. 
Note 2. — Provisions of Penn's Charter. The 

charter by which Penn received his grant of land 
contained the following specifications: — 

1. His territory as defined was to include three 
degrees of latitude west of Delaware, and he was 
made the "true and absolute proprietor" of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

2. The colony has the right to govern itself in 
harmony with English law. 

3. To the Church of England was secured the 
right to form settlements within Pennsylvania, but 
no restrictions were to be imposed upon other forms 
of Christian worship. 

4. The proprietor had full power to establish 
sush systems of courts and appoint such changes as 
the best interests of the colony might require. 

5. England reserved the right to collect duties 
and to tax the colony. 

13^ Georgia — settlement. 
1- When— 1732. 

2^ Where — Savannah. (Today Savannah is the 
largest cotton exporting port in the United 
States.) 
3"^ Why — as a refuge for the poor, for the insol- 
vent debtors and the persecuted of all 
classes of Europe, except Catholics, and a 
defense for the Carolinas against the 
Spaniards of Florida. 
4"'^ Character of the colonists. — Note 1. 
5" Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
T' Religious matters. 

1^ Religious freedom to all except Catho- 
lics. 



Period of Colonisation 85 

2^ One hundred Moravians arrived in 

1736. 
3^ Arrival of John and Charles Wesley, 
the founders of Methodism, 1735. 
r'' John Wesley as a missionary to 

Indians. 
2^ Chas. Wesley came as Og-lethorpe's 

private secretary. 
3' Church of England established by 
law, 1758. 
2^ Educational matters. 

1"* No system of public schools estab- 
lished; instruction given in the 
homes. 
3^ Forms of government. 

1^ Proprietary allowed by charter, 1732- 

1752. 
2^ Royal Province with a representative 
Assembly, 1752-1776. 
'^ Regulations. — Note 2. 
S' War of 1740-1742. 
1^ Cause.— Note 3. 
2^ Invasion of Florida, 1741. 
1" Two fortified towns taken. 
2" St. Augustine besieged but not tak- 
en. 
1*^ Sickness and defeat ended the 
siege. 
3'' Spaniards invade Georgia, 1747. 
1" A Spanish fleet of 30 vessels and 
500 men set out to capture Sa- 
vannah. 
2^ Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. 
Simons Island. 
1^ Oglethorpe won the victory, 
with less than 1000 men. 



86 American History Outlines and Notes 

2' Result. 

V The English established their right 
to Georgia and put an end to 
trouble with the Spanish in Flori- 
da. 
6"^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1^ Introduction of silk industry. 
2^ Cultivation of rice and indigo. — Note 4. 

NOTES 

Note 1. — Character of the Colonists. The most of 
the settlers who came at first were poor but worthy 
people, yet they were not industrious nor did they 
have good managing ability. Therefore they were 
not the best material with which to build a thriving 
colony. Many of them proved to be a burden to the 
colonists rather than good citizens. It was the Ger- 
man Lutherans (1724), the Scotch Highlanders (1736), 
and the French Huguenots, who settled in Georgia, 
to whom the credit belongs of saving the colony from 
failure. 

Note 2. — Regulations. The following are some of 
the regulations of the proprietary government: — 

1. Colonists had neither voice nor vote in the 
government. 

2. Land titles were not issued. 

3. Women and girls could not inherit or hold 
land. 

4. The importation of distilled liquor was pro- 
hibited. 

5. African slavery was forbidden, though to sell 
slaves for a term of years was allowed. 

Note 3.— Cause of the War of 1740. The Span- 
iards who were in possession of Florida claimed 
Georgia as a part of their territory. Oglethorpe had 
received a charter of the territory from the king. 



Period of Colonisation 87 

When war broke out between England and Spain this 

gfave opportunity to settle the dispute over Georgia. 

Note 4. — Cultivation of Rice and Indigo. The 

Colonial seal adopted by the trustees represented 
the unselfish motives of the founder of the colony. 
It contained a group of silk worms spinning their 
cocoons with the following motto: "Non sibi, sed 
alius," — "Not for themselves, but for others." In 
1749, the trustees of the Tonster colony yielded to 
the demand of the settlers for negro slaves. After 
this event large plantations of rice and indigo were 
cultivated. 
7. The Spanish in North America. 

1' Territory explored and claimed. Name ex- 
plorers, with dates. 



88 



American History Outlines and Notes 





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Period of Colonization 



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90 American History Outlines and Notes 

3' Discuss the character of the settlers and their 
relation to Protestant and Republican prin- 
ciples. 

4} Why were the French unsuccessful in making: 
settlements along the coast? — Note. 

NOTE 

"Nothing: seemed more probable at one time than 
that France would be the owner of New Eng^land. 

New Engfland was early an object of desire 

with the French. As early as the year 1605, DeMont 
explored and claimed for France, the rivers, the 
coasts, and the bays of New Eng:land. But the 
decree had gfone out that the beast of Rome should 
never pollute this land of promise, and it could not 
be revoked. The hostile savag-es fiirst prevented 
their settlement. Yet they yielded not their 
purpose. Thrice in the following year was the at- 
tempt renewed, and twice were they driven back 
by adverse winds, and the third time wrecked at sea. 
Again did Pourtrincourt attempt the same enter- 
prise, but was, in a like manner, compelled to ab- 
andon the project. It was not so written. This was 
the land of promise which God would give to the 
people of his own choice. Hither he would trans- 
plant the vine which he had brought out of Egypt. 
Here it should take root, and send its boughs unto 
the sea and its branches unto the river. 

"At a still later period, a French armament of 
forty ships of war under the Duke D'Anville was 
destined for the destruction of New England. It 
sailed from Nova Scotia for this purpose. In the 
meantime the pious people, apprised of their danger, 
had appointed a day of fasting and prayer to be 
observed in all the churches. While Mr. Prince 
was officiating in Old South Church, Boston, on this 



Period of Coloni:{ation 91 

fast day, and praying most fervently that the dread- 
ful calamity migfht be averted, a sudden gfust of 
wind arose Uhe day, until then, had been perfectly 
clear) so violently as to cause the clattering of the 
windows. The reverend gentleman paused in his 
prayer, and looking around on the congregation with 
a countenance of hope, he again commenced, and 
with a great devotional ardor, supplicated the Al- 
mighty to cause that wind to frustrate the object of 
their enemies. A tempest ensued in which the 
greater part of the French fleet was wrecked. The 
Duke and his principal general committed suicide 
— many died with disease, and thousands were 
drowned. A small remnant returned to France with- 
out health, and spiritless, and the enterprise was 
abandoned forever." — The Ha?id of God in History^ 
pp. 38, 39. 



Wild was the day; the wintry sea 

Moaned sadly on New England's strand, 

When first the thoughtful and the free, 
Our fathers, trod the desert land. 

They little thought how pure a light, 
With years, should gather round that day; 

How love should keep their memories bright, 
How wide a realm their sons should sway. 

—Bryant. 



92 American History Outlines and Notes 



SECTION IV. 

Struggle between England and France for 
the Possession and Control of America 

1. The Engflish, French, and Spanish, 
1^ Location and boundaries of each. 
2^ Contrast the English and French. 

1'- As to the occupation of their territory. 

—Note 1. 
2" As to their relation to the Indians. — Note 2. 
3^ As to their strength for war. — Note 3. 
4^ As to their feeling- toward each other. 

—Note 4. 

2. Geographical conditions affecting the struggle. 

1^ Advantages and disadvantages of each nation. 
2^ Relation of the mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. 
to the struggle. 

3. King William's War, 1689-1697. 
1^ Causes.— Note 5. 

2^ Events.— Note 6. 
3^ Results.— Note 7. 

4. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713. 
1^ Causes.— Note 8. 

2^ Events. 

1^ Treaty of neutrality with the Five Nations. 

2^ Indian massacres in Maine incited by the 
Jesuits. 

3^ Deerfield, Massachusetts, destroyed in mid- 
winter, 1703-4. 

4^ Two expeditions against Fort Royal, Nova 
Scotia, 1702, 1710.- 

5' Invasion of Canada, 1711. 
1^ Fleet from England failed. 



STRUGGLE FO 

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Mobile 



struggle for Possession 93 

2^ Land forces from the colonies abandoned 
the enterprise. 
3^ Results: Treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713. 

1" Engfland gained Nova Scotia, New Found- 
land, and the New Foundland fisheries. 
2^ The boundary line between the Engflish and 
French in America left unsettled. 
King George's War, 1745-1748. 
1^ Causes. — Note 9. 
2^ Events. 

1" Capture of Louisburg. 
2"^ Indian devastations. 
3' Results: Treaty of Aix la-Chapelle, Oct. 18, 
1748. 
1"^ Louisburg returned to France in exchange 

for Madras, India. 
2^ St. Mary's River fixed as the boundary be- 
tween Florida and Georgia. 
3" Effect of these wars upon the colonies. 
French and Indian War, 1755-1763. 
1^ Causes and events leading to the war. 
1'"^ Conflicting claims to territory. 
2"^ National animosity. 
3^ Formation of the Ohio Company, 1749. 
1^ Its object and of whom composed. 
2^ The grant of land, its location and sur- 
vey. 
1^ 60,000 acres on southeast bank of the 
Ohio River. Surveyed by Christ- 
opher Gist. 
3'^ Fort built on present site of Pittsburg. 
4? Movements on the part of the French. 
1^ Exploring parties sent out. 
2^ English fort destroyed and Ft. Duquesne 

built. 
T Other forts established. 



'94 American. History Outlines and Notes 

5^ Washing-ton's mission to the French com- 
mander. 
1' Results of. 
6^ Preparation for war by English and French. 
1^ Need of uniting: the English colonies. 
The English and French contrasted. 
1^ Easy for the French in Canada to 
raise and equip an army. 
V" The French viceroy had despotic 

rule over French America. 
2^ French regard for Canada. 
2^ Difficult to raise and equip an army in 
the thirteen colonies. 
V' The object of the American wars 
on the part of both England and 
France was to extend their 
colonial possessions at expense 
of the other. 
2^ Long continued strug-gles and 
Indian wars created heavy debts 
on the colonies. 
3^ They were many separate govern- 
ments and each waited on the 
other to act. 
4'' Results of this condition. 

1" The French could plan cam- 
paigns, collect forces, and 
open warfare while the Eng:- 
lish legislatures were yet dis- 
cussing: what to do. 
2" The Royal Governors com- 
plained to England of the 
perverseness of the Ameri- 
cans. 
3'' Many in England thought the 
colonies governed themselves 



struggle for Possession 95 

too much; that, for their own 
good, they should be taxed. 
5*^ Conclusions. 

1" The colonies must be bound to- 
gether so that concerted ac- 
tion might be secured either 
by binding them absolutely to 
England or by a federal union 
in America. 
3' The Albany Council, 1754. 

1' By whom called? The British 

Ministry. 
2^ Of whom composed? Twenty-five 
delegates from seven colonies: 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
land. 
3' Object. 

l*^ To unite the colonies in meas- 
ures of defense and to treat 
with the Indians. 
1*^ To effect a permanent union of 
the colonies. 
2^ Campaigns — by what determined? 

r^ The five Objective Points. Why objective? 
1^ Fort Duquesne 

1* Because of its location controlled the 
"Gateway of the West" and ex- 
cluded the English from the Ohio 
valley. 
2* First expedition, 1755. 

1^ General Braddock in command. 
2^ Geo. Washington, aid-de-camp. 
3'* Results. 



96 American History Outlines ami Notes 

3* Second expedition, three years after 
the first, 1758. 
1^ Feneral Forbes in command. 
2^ French driven out but burn the 

fort. 
3' English take possession and change 
name to Pittsburg in honor of 
William Pitt, prime minister of 
England. 
2^ Louisburg and Acadia. 

1^ Controlled the New Foundland fish- 
eries and formed a safe retreat for 
French ships sent to prey upon 
English vessels. 
2* Six thousand Acadians scattered 
among the English colonies. — Why? 
(Read "Evangeline.") 
3^ General Loudon, 1757, feared to attack. 

Why? 
4* General Amherst and General Wolfe 

captured fort, 1758. 
5^ Halifax made the English point of 
rendezvous. 
3^ Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 

1* Controlled the route to Canada via 
Lake George and Lake Champlain 
and, so long as the French held it, 
New York and New England were 
subject to attacks by the French or 
Indians. 
2^ Two successful attempts to capture, 

1755, 1758. 
3^ Amherst's successful campaign, 1759. 
4^ Niagara. 

1^ Controlled the fur trade of the Great 
Lakes region. 



struggle for Possession 97 

2* Taken by the English, 1759, under 
Shirley. 

5^ Quebec. 

1^ Strongest fortification in Canada and 
controlled the St. Lawrence River. 
2* French under Montcalm. 
3^ English under Wolfe. 
4^ Battle, Plains of Abraham, 1759. 
5' Results. 
2- Pontiac's War, 1763-65. 

r^ Cause.— The Indians, not knowing that 
the French had actually lost control of 
the country, resolved to expel the Eng- 
lish from west of the Mountains and 
destroy all their forts. 

2^ Events. 

1^ Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, a Mich- 
igan tribe, formed a confederation 
of the ten tribes within the Great 
Lakes. 
2^ Eight forts surprised and taken. (Only 
three — Detroit, Niagara, and Pitts- 
burg remained.) 
V' Stratagem employed. 

1" Mackinaw— ball playing. 
2" Maumee— governor allured out- 
side fort. 
3'' Detroit— brightening chain of 
friendship. 
3^ Birch-bark notes issued by Pontiac. 

Paid promptly when due. 
4^ Thousands of persons fled from their 
homes to escape the scalping knife. 
5^ Battle of Bushy Run, near Pittsburg, 
1763. 



98 American History Outlines and Notes 

6^ Alliance deserted because of disagree- 
ment among' the Indians. 
7^ Treaty of peace, 17G6, at Oswego, New 

York. 
8^ Pontiac murdered, 1769, by Peorian 
Indian, who received a barrel of rum 
for his deed. 
3' Results of the French and Indian War: Treaty 
of Paris, 1763.— Note 10. 
r^ Changes of national boundary lines. 

1^ France ceded to England all of Canada 
except two small islands (St. Pierre 
and Miquelon) near New Foundland 
which she was permitted to retain as 
shelter for her fishermen and a place 
on which to dry fish, and all her terri- 
tory east of the Mississippi River ex- 
cept New Orleans and adjacent terri- 
tory. 
T France ceded to Spain, by a secret treaty, 
New Orleans and all of Louisiana, for 
services rendered in this war. 
2"^ Cost to the colonies. 

1' Money— $16,000,000. England repaid $5,- 

000,000. 
2' Men— 30,000 killed. 
3"^ Views of the war. 
r English. 
2'' Colonial. 
3'* French. 
4"^ Effect upon language, liberty, and laws in 

America. 
5"- Proclamation Line, 1763. 
4^ Show that this was a war for civilization. 
5^ Why did the Indians help the French more than 



struggle for Possession 99 

the English in these wars for the possession 
of America? 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Occupation of Territory. The English 
planted colonies, established homes, schools, and 
churches; carried on agriculture, commerce, etc.; 
and took an active part in the affairs of the govern- 
ment. The French set up trading posts, forts, and 
mission stations. They had no large farms and 
scracely any sign of self-government. 

Note 2. — Relation to the Indians. The English 
more than all other Europeans were hated by the 
Indians, for their farms spoiled the Indians' hunting 
grounds, and they treated the Indians with contempt. 
The French interfered but little with their manner 
of life, and therefore gained favor more rapidly. 

Note. 3.— Strength for War. The English were 
farmers, not soldiers. They fought only when com- 
pelled. The French were all well drilled, well 
organized, and ready for immediate action. Their 
disadvantage lay in the fact that their recruits and 
supplies had to come from Europe. They had no 
great farms nor flourishing colonies upon which to 
draw. 

Note 4.— Feeling toward Each Other. The Eng- 
lish Puritans had an English and Protestant dislike 
for the Roman Catholic French. The French Catho- 
lics had a corresponding hatred for the Protestant 
English. 

Note 5.— Causes of War. James II of Scotland 
sought to re-establish the Catholic religion in Eng- 
land. He dissolved Parliament, increased the 
standing army from 10,000 to 20,000 and placed Cath- 
olics in command. He sought to make friends with 
the Protestant dissenters by issuing a declaration 



100 American History Oiillines and Notes 

granting- liberty of conscience. This only embittered 
the people but they were reconciled with the hope 
that, upon the death of James, the crown would de- 
scend to his daughter Mary, wife of the Prince of 
Orange, both of whom were Protestants. In 1688 a 
prince was born which destroyed this hope, where- 
upon an invitation was sent to the Prince of Orange 
to come with such an army as he could raise and 
take possession of the throne. He accepted the in- 
vitation and met with hearty support from the 
English people. 

When James saw that his subjects had deserted 
him, he sought to regain their support and avert the 
threatened danger by good promises and concessions, 
but all in vain. The queen with her son fled to 
France. After disbanding the army and throwing 
the Great Seal into the Thames, the king also fled to 
France. Lewis XIV of France took up the cause of 
James. War between France and England followed. 
The French in America coveted the valleys of the 
Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, so as to cut off the 
English approach to the Great Lakes and any part in 
the fur trade of the northwest. The outbreak of war 
in Europe seemed to afiford them an opportunity to 
secure these valleys. 

Note 6.— Events. The Indian allies of the French 
opened the contest in June, 1689, by falling upon the 
English settlement at Dover and destroying it. 
Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Casco were also 
visited by Indian Massacres, after which the English 
became thoroughly aroused. An expedition was sent 
out to move against Montreal, Canada, under General 
Phipps. 

Note 7.— Results. The treaty of Ryswick, Oct. 30, 
1697, ended the war. The colonial boundary lines 
remained unchanged. The first paper money issued 



struggle for Possession 101 

ia America, $133,338, was issued in Massachusetts to 
defray the expenses of Phipps' expedition. France 
acknowledged King" William as sovereign. 

Note 8.— Cause of Queen Anne's War. In the 
year 1700, the king of Spain, Charles II, died without 
any direct heir, but named Philip of Anjou, grandson 
of Lewis XIV of France, as his successor. This 
pointed to a union of the Crowns of France and 
Spain, both Catholic countries. The Protestant 
nations objected. England, Holland, and Austria 
each put forth a candidate. War followed. James II 
who had recently fled from England died in 1701. 
Lewis XIV in violation of the Treaty of Ryswick, 
recognized the son of James as rightful heir to the 
English throne, and attempted to secure the throne 
for him. This trouble in Europe afforded another 
opportunity for the French in America to fall upon 
the English settlements in an effort to secure the 
Hudson and Mohawk valleys. The conflict was 
opened by an Indian massacre in Maine incited by 
the Jesuits. 

Note 9.— Cause of King George's War. Charles 
VI of Austria died. There were two claimants. 
England took up the cause of one; France, the other. 
Nearly all the countries of Europe were swept into 
the conflict. Another opportunity was thus afforded 
for trouble in the valleys of the Hudson and Alohawk 
rivers. 

Note 10. — Results of the War. The war of de- 
fense had ended in a war of conquest. England had 
gained the whole continent east of the Mississippi 
River including Canada and Florida. But with the 
acquisition of this vast territory, England received a 
problem in government which she was scarcely pre- 
pared to handle. The English colonies in America 
had gone ahead of the mother country in developing 



102 American Histoiy Outlines and Notes 

the principles of a government "of the people, by the 
people, and for the people." Some of the acts of the 
king in orgfanizingf a gfovernment for his new posses- 
sions were especially displeasing to the Americans. 
A large standing army was necessary in order to 
hold and protect the territory west of the Appalach- 
ian mountains; and, to secure the money necessary 
to support such an army, heavy taxes were imposed 
upon the colonies and this without the consent of 
their legislature. As another way of raising money 
the old navigation laws, so bitterly hated in the colo- 
nies, were rivived. In order to evade some of these 
laws, smuggling was practiced, particularly in Mass- 
achusetts. Such a course met with very severe 
treatment. The right of trial by jury was denied any 
one suspected of violation of the navigation laws. 
In 1763 the king issued a proclamation setting apart 
the territory between the Appalachian mountains 
and the Mississippi River as Indian territory and 
prohibiting the colonies from making grants of land 
or settlements in that region. The object of the 
king seems to heve been to appease the Indians, win 
the support of the French, and thus prevent trouble 
between the frontier English settlements and the 
French and Indians. There was a difference in the 
way England viewed these wars and the way her col- 
onies in America viewed it. England thought she 
had done a great deal for the colonies by protect- 
ing them against the French. The colonies felt that 
they had helped England to extend her territory and 
establish her rule above France. Franklin expressed 
the colonial views before the House of Commons 
when he said, "The colonies raised, paid, and clothed 
nearly 2vS,000 men during the last war, a number equal 
to those sent from Britain, and far beyond their propor- 
tion; they went deeply into debt in doing this, and all 



struggle Jor Possession 103 

their taxes and estates are mortgag-ed, for many 
years to come, for discharg-ingf this debt." There- 
fore they were very much displeased at being shut 
out of the territory for which they had fought so 
bravely. 

At the beginning of the struggle for the possession 
of America, there was but little in comnon among 
the colonies. The lack of conveniences for travel 
and of commercial intercourse among the colonies 
together with their religious prejudices served to 
keep them separated. Therefore of more importance 
than the extension of territory were the lessons 
learned by the colonial troops in fighting and camping 
side by side in a common cause. "This drinking 
from the same canteen proved a powerful force in 
drawing the members of the different colonies closer 
together." 

During the first years of the war, the colonial 
commanders received but slight recognition from the 
British officers; but, when William Pitt became 
prime minister of England, England's war policy for 
America was changed. Officers of a different char- 
acter were placed over the armies and the colonial 
officers were consulted in laying plans for important 
campaigns, and their men were treated as British 
regulars. Such men as Washington, Gates, Mont- 
gomery, Morgan, Marion, Stark, Putnam, and Arnold 
received a military training of great value, while 
they learned to brave danger in defence of home and 
liberty. Thus the Colonies received a preparation 
for the Revolutionary War soon to be fought. 

This war also settled it, that the English language, 
not the French; the Protestant religion, not the Cath- 
olic; English laws and customs with civil and 
religious liberty, not oppression by church and state 
united, should be established in America. Had 



104 American History Outlines and Notes 

France succeeded in this war, America would have 
become a Catholic empire. Both civil and religfious 
liberty would have been crushed out of the English 
settlements by the same power which persecuted the 
Albigenses so severely. 



Still stands the forest primeval; but under the shade of 

its branches 
Dwells another race, with other customs and language. 
Only along the shore of the mournful and misty Atlantic 
Linger a few Acadian peasants, whose fathers from exile 
Wandered back to their native land to die in its bosom. 

— Lonzfellow. 



7 lie Stmggkfor Rights 105 



SECTION V. 

English Rule of America — The Struggle for 

t±ie Rights of Englishmen, or Causes 

and Events Leading to the American 

Revolution. 

1. King George III and the Royal Governors; person- 

al character of. 

1' The policy of George III, and the Tories. 
1" ''The proclamation of 1763.'' 
1^ Its object. 

T Three new provinces — boundaries of each. 
3^ "The proclamation line" — indicate on map. 
4^ Its relation to the colonies and its effect. 
5^ Provisions for the defense of newly ac- 
quired territory. 

2. Rights of Englishmen. 

1^ As understood in England — England claimed 
the right to govern her colonies arbitrarily 
(the spirit of despotism ) . 

2^ As understood in the American colonies — the 
colonies claimed as a birthright equal rights 
with all Englishmen (the spirit of republican- 
ism). 

3. Influence of France. 

1* Treaty of Paris, 1763. 

4. Disputes over taxation and representation. 

1^ Lack of union among the colonies, and reasons 
for taxing them. 

2^ Colonial reception of the tax laws. 

3' Methods employed by England for collecting- 
taxes. 



106 American History Outlines and Notes 

1" Navigfation laws and acts of trade. 

1'^ 1651, all comerce with England must be 
conducted in Engflish ships, manned by 
English seamen. 
2'^ 1660, all colonial exports, except what 
England did not want, had to be sent to 
England and in English vessels. 
3'^ 1665, all colonial imports were to come 

from England. 
4'' 1672, duties were imposed upon articles 
shipped from one colony to another, 
2" Writs of Assistance, 1761. 
3" Stamp Act, 1765. 

1^ Resistance in the colonies. 
1' Protests, 1764. 

2"* Stamp Act Congress, 1765. (First 
Colonial Congress). 
V' Declaration of rights. 
2' Petition to the king. 
S'^ Memorial to Parliament. 
2^ Sons of Liberty. 
2^ Repeal of the Stamp Act and passage of 
the Declaratory Act, 1776. 
4" The Townshend Act, 1767. (Glass, paper, 
painter's colors, and tea). 
1^ Principles involved. 

1^ External and internal taxes. 
2* Objects for which this money was 
used. 
2i^ Results. 

1^ Boston Massacre, 1770. 
2* Duties repealed except on tea, 1770. 
1'' Cheap tea and the Boston tea party, 
1773. 
3^ The Committee of Correspondence. 
V' Its origin, purpose, and work. 



The Struggle for Rights 107 

4"' The five Intolerable Acts. 

1'^ The Boston Port Bill (Georg^ia sent near- 
ly 600 barrels of rice to feed the people 
of Boston). 
2'^ The Massachusetts Bill or Regulating 

Act. 
3^ The Transportation Act. 
4^ The Quartering Act. 
5'^ The Quebec Act. 

1^ This act also provided for the free 
exercise of the Roman Catholic re- 
ligion in Quebec, and restored to the 
French most of their political rights. 
2^ This prevented them from uniting 
with the English colonies in the 
Revolutionary War. 
3^ The country north of the Ohio and 
east of the Mississippi River was 
made a part of the province of 
Quebec, Canada. 
5. The first Continental Congress, 1774. 

1^ Relation to the Committee of Correspondence. 
2^ Place of meeting and length of session. 

!"■ Philadelphia, September 5th to October 26th. 
3^ Colonies represented. 

1""' All except Georgia — royal governor of 
Georgia prevented the election of dele- 
gates. 
4^ Measures adopted. 

1"^ The colonies sustained Massachusetts in her 

conflict. 
2"^ A petition was sent to the king. 
3'^ An address was sent to the people of Great 

Britain and one to the people of Canada. 
4'^ A declaration of rights was issued. 



108 American History Outlines and Notes 

V' Repeal of eleven of the objectionable 

acts of Parliament was demanded. 
T Asserted the right to tax themselves. 
3'^ Asserted the right to assemble peaceably 

for purposes of petition. 
4^ Demanded that they be accorded the 
"rights of Englishmen" as laid down by 
the king in all charters. 
5^ Effect in England. 

1"^ King and Parliament more determined to 

coerce Massachusetts. 
2-' Ten thousand troops sent to America; Boston 
Neck fortified, 1774. 

6^ Effect in America. 

1'^ American association formed (Non-inpor- 

tation Association). 
2- Minute men organized, Colonial stores 

moved to Concord. 

6. Beginning of hostilities, 1775. (Read "Paul Re- 

vere's Ride" by Longfellow.) 
1^ Battle of Lexington and Concord, April 19. 
2^ Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 
10. 
P Effect of these upon the colonies. 

7. Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775. 

1' Sent their ultimatum to the king, in which they 
recognized him as their rightful sovereign, and 
once more petitioned him for a redress of 
grievances; but plainly stated they had chosen 
war rather than voluntary slavery. 

2^ Voted to raise an army of 20,000 men. 

3^ Voted to borrow 6,000 pounds, and to issue 
$2,000,000 of paper money. 

4^ Formed the united colonies of America, and as- 
sumed authority over them. 



The struggle for Rights 109 

5^ Chose George Washington as Commander-in- 
chief of the continental army. 

6^ To what extent was its authority recognized by 
the several colonial legislatures? 

8. Note the age of the several colonies and show 
why Massachusetts and Virginia were foremost 
and New York backward in responses during the 
Revolution. 

9. Show the difiEerence between Massachusetts and 

Virginia in their political life. 

10. Leading warriors and statesmen whom God 

raised up for this time. 
1^ In America. 

1^ George Washington, John Adams, Samuel 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Patrick Henry, 
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Robert 
Morris, John Hancock, Alexander Hamil- 
ton. 
2^ In England. 

l'^ William Pitt, Charles Fox, and leaders of 
the Whig party. 
3' In France, 
r^ La Fayette. 



By the rude bridge that arched the flood, 
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, 

Here once the embattled farmers stood, 
And fired the shot heard round the world. 

— Emerson. 



110 American History Outlines and Notes 



SECTION VI. 

Struggle for Independence, or the American 
Revolution. 

1. Advantages and disadvantag^es for carrying on 

war against England. — Note 1. 

2. In studying the war, note the fields of operation as 

of more importance than than the dates of 
events. 

3. Principal campaigns and battles, with reasons and 

plans for each, and the names of the leading 
officers in either army. 
1^ In New England. 

1" Events in and around Boston. 
2" Invasion of Canada. 
2^ In the middle colonies. 

1"- Struggle for the possession of the Hudson 
and the middle colonies, 
r^ Reasons for desiring possession of the 

Hudson and plans for securing it. 
2^ American plans for defense. 
3'^ Battle of Long Island. 
4^ Washington's retreat. 
1* Battle of White Plains. 
2* Charles Lee's treachery and capture. 
3* Battle of Trenton. 
4* Battle of Princeton. 
5'^ Three-fold plan of the British for taking 
New York. 
1^ Colonel St. Ledger to form an alliance 
with the Six Nations, descend the 
Mohawk valley, and join Burgoyne 
at Albany. 



struggle for bidependence 111 

2* Wm. Howe to hold Xew York with a 
portion of his troops and with the 
main body of his army join Burgoyne 
at Albany. 
3* Burgfoyne's invasion of Xew York, 
r^ Battle of Benning-ton. 
2'' Battles near Saratoga. 
1*^ Surrender of Burgfoyne. 
2- Effects of. 
6^ Washington's campaign and plans for de- 
fense. 
1* Battle of Chad's Ford on the Brandy- 
wine. 
2* Battle of Germantown. 
3* Winter quarters. 

1' Howe at Philadelphia. 
2' Washington at Valley Forge. 
1^ Canway cabal. 
7^ Effects of these campaigns upon 
1* The Americans. 
2* The British. 
3* The French alliance. 
8'^ The British abandon Philadelphia and go 

to New York. 
9^ Battle of Monmouth. 
l(f Capture of Ston^' Point. 
IT' Arnold's treason and surrender of West 
Point. 
3^ In the west. 

l"'^ Illinois expedition. 
2" Results. 
4^ On the waters. 

1" Naval warfare, to what extent carried on 

hy the colonies? 
2- Victories of Paul Jones, and their im- 
portance. 



112 American History Outlines and Notes 

5' In the vSouth. 

1" Reasons for transferring the war to the 

South. 
2- Siegfe of Fort Moultrie (Charleston), 1777. 
"S^ Attack upon Savannah, 1779. 
4- Siege of Charleston, 1780. 
5' Battle of Camden, 1780. 
6'-^ Battle of King's Mountain, 1781. 
7"^ Green's compaign and retreat, 1781. 
1'"* Battle of Cowpens. 
T Battle of Guilford Court House. 
3^ Other battles. 

4'** Divine providences connected with. 
8-' Siege of Yorktown, 1781. 
r^ Surrender of Cornwallis. 
2'^ End of the war. 
4. Treaty of peace and results of the war. 

1' Peace commissioners and their instruction. 
2' Conditions in the way of securing peace. — 
Note 2. 
r^ Nations interested and their claims. 
1^ England. 
2'^ France. 
3^ Spain. 
4'^ America. 
2"^ Conditions in the English Cabinet. 
3'^ The Franco-Spanish Alliance. 

r^ How did France try to satisfy Spain? 
4'^ The Franco-American Alliance. 

P Influence of Jay and Adams upon negoti- 
ations. 
5"^ How these difficulties were overcome. 
3^ Provisions of the treaty. — Note 3. 

1'^ Boundaries. Indicate upon the map. 

2" Fisheries. 

3" Private debts. 



struggle for Independence 113 

4"- Compensation of the Royalists (Tories). 
5" Navigfation of the Mississippi. 
6' Slaves. 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Advantages and Disadvantages of the 
American Colonies. Under ordinary circum- 
stances England might have landed soldiers and 
supplies enough in America to have subdued the re- 
volted colonies in a very short time. But it is an in- 
teresting fact worthy of note that God so timed 
events in Europe and America that, when the Ameri- 
can colonies revolted, England was involved in war 
with France, Spain, and Holland. This made it 
difficult for her to raise a large army and conduct a 
warfare so far from home, since all her men and 
supplies for war were needed in Europe; also in 
sending armies and equipment to America her 
vessels were subject to attacks from her European 
enemies. In order to get soldiers for her wars, 
England had to hire thousands of foreign troops. 
There were certain small states in Europe which 
made war a business, training troops for service, and 
hiring them to such nations as needed their services. 
During the revolution there were sent to America 
about 30,000 of these soldiers. Thej^ were called 
Hessians because they came from Hesse-Cassel, one 
of the small states of Germany. 

Note 2.— European Difficulties in the Way of 
American Independence. 

1. Political Parties and Their Principles. 
There were in England, at this time, three political 
parties of considerable power and influence; namely, 
the Old Whigs, the New Whigs, and the Tories. 

The Old Whigs represented the old aristocracy of 
England. They strongly sympathized with the 



114 American History Outlines and Notes 

American cause, and were the first to urg-e the recogf- 
nition of American independence. The leader of this 
party was the Marquis of Rockingham. His most 
influential associates were Charles Fox and Edmund 
Burke. 

The New Whig's stood for principles much more 
liberal than the Old Whigs. They not only sympa- 
thized with the American colonies, but also advo- 
cated parliamentary reform and free trade. The 
principal manag'er of this party was Lord Shelbourne, 
who was so suspicious of other men that other men 
were suspicious of him. In matters of political 
economy and needed reform, he was ahead of his 
agfe, and there was a harshness in his manner of pre- 
senting his ideas which made him g:enerally disliked 
and his followers few. 

The Tories were sympathizers with the kingf and 
opposed the growing; power and influence of 
Parliament. 

2. The English Cabinet. In the selection of a new 
cabinet, the king felt disposed to place Lord Shel- 
bourne in the first position of the treasury, perhaps 
because he thought that on account of vShelbourne's 
disposition and strong views, dissension would arise 
which would prevent his party from growing too 
strong, and from which he himself hoped to profit. 
When Shelbourne refused, the king was forced to 
call upon Lord Rockingham, but he sent his com- 
munication to him through Shelbourne, who, thus 
conspicuously singled out as the object of royal pref- 
erence, was certain to incur the distrust of his 
fellow ministers. 

Of the members of the cabinet, Rockingham, John 
Cavendish, Charles Fox, Lord Keppel, and the Duke 
of Richmond were all Old Whigs. There were also 
five New Whigs — The Duke of Grafton, Lord Shel- 



struggle for Independence 115 

bourne, Camden, Ashburton, and General Conway. 
The Tory chancellor, Lord Thurlow, was the eleventh 
member. Edmund Burke was made paymaster but 
had no seat in the cabinet. 

The leading spirits of the cabinet were Shelbourne 
and Fox who wrangfled perpetually, while Thurlow 
carried the news of their quarrel to the kingf, and in 
cabinet meeting: usually voted with Shelbourne. 

3. Complications Involved. Seldom has there 
been a situation more strongly complicated. Fox 
was made secretary of state for foreign affairs, while 
Shelbourne was secretary of state for home and col- 
onies. Peace was to be made with Holland, France, 
Spain, and America. France and Spain had united 
against England by one treaty of alliance and France 
and America by another. In some respects these 
treaties conflicted in the duties which they imposed 
upon the contracting parties, and Spain was strongly 
opposed to America. 

4. Views Regarding Independence. Just as 
soon as the proposition was made to end the war with 
the colonies by acknowledgingtheir independence, the 
question arose as to whose department should con- 
duct the negotiations. Shelbourne claimed that the 
American states were still English colonies and 
therefore the treaty belonged to his department. 
Fox claimed that if independence was recognized, 
America became a foreign power and therefore the 
treaty belonged to his department. 

How natural then that the views of these two sec- 
retaries should differ widely as to the method of con- 
ceding American independence! Fox believed that 
France was in need of peace and would make no 
further demands on England if American independ- 
ence should once be recognized. Therefore he 
would make this concession as a preliminary to the 



116 American History Outlines and Notes 

neg-otiations. Shelbourne believed that France 
would make further demands and would hold the 
recognition of independence in reserve as a consid- 
eration to be bargained for. 

5. Beginning of Negotiations. For man^- years 
Franklin and Shelbourne had been warm friends and 
in one of his letters to Shelbourne, in March, 1782, 
Franklin expressed a hope that peace might soon be 
restored. With the consent of the cabinet, Shel- 
bourne answered by sending Richard Oswald as an 
agent to Paris to talk unofficially with Franklin 
and ascertain the terms upon which the Americans 
would make peace. 

In one of his conversations with Oswald, Franklin 
sug'gested that in order to make permanent peace it 
is always best to remove all occasions for further 
quarrels; that the line of frontier between New York 
and Canada was occupied by a lawless set of men, 
who, in time of peace, would be likely to breed 
trouble between their respective governments; it 
would therefore be advisable for England to cede 
Canada to the United States. A similiar reason 
would apply to Nova Scotia. Another advantage 
pointed out by Franklin in this connection was that 
by ceding those countries to the United States, it 
would be possible from the sale of unappropriated 
lands to indemnify the Americans for all losses of 
private property during the war and also make 
reparation to the Tories whose estates had been con- 
fiscated. By this course England would not only 
secure peace but reconciliation with Amercia, and 
reconciliation, said Franklin, is a "sweet word". At 
these demands Oswald expressed neither surprise 
nor reluctance. 

During this conversation Franklin had written out 
the main points of his talk, and, at Oswald's request. 



struggle for Independence 117 

allowed him to take the paper to London to show to 
Lord Shelbourne, first writing on it a note declaring- 
its informal character. Franklin also sent a letter 
to Shelbourne describing Oswald as a gentleman with 
whom he found it very pleasant to deal. 

6. Shelbourne's Reply and Grenville's Com- 
mission. Shelbourne received from Oswald the 
notes of his conversation with Franklin, also Frank- 
lin's letter. He showed the notes to Lord Ashburton 
only, kept the paper over night, and then returned it 
to Franklin without formal answer, but the letter he 
showed to the cabinet. On April 23, it was decided 
to send Oswald back to France with the message 
that, on being restored to the position in which she 
was left by the treaty of 1763, England would be 
willing to recognize the independence of the United 
States. Fox was authorized to make the same 
representation to the French government, which he 
did through Thomas Grenville, son of the author of 
the Stamp Act. 

Oswald had no right to conclude terms of peace 
until an enabling act should be carried through 
Parliament, but while waiting for this he might still 
talk informally with Franklin. He was instructed to 
impress upon Franklin's mind that, if America was 
to be independent at all, she must be independent of 
the whole world and must not enter into any secret 
alliance with France which might limit her entire 
freedom of action in the future. 

To Franklin's suggestions of three reasons for 
the cession of Canada, Shelbourne made answer as 
follows: "1. By zvay of reparation. Answer. No 
reparation can be heard of. 2. To prevent fnticre 
wars. Answer. It is to be hoped that some more 
friendly method will be found. 3. As to a fu7id of 
indemnification to Royalists. Answer. No independ- 



118 American History Outlines and Notes 

ence to be acknowledged without their being- taken 
care of." 

7. Grenville's Conference with Vergennes. 
When Grenville had his interview with Vergennes, 
the French minister with whom he hoped to form a 
treaty of peace, he represented that if England 
recognized the independence of the United States 
she would expect France to restore the Islands of 
the West Indies, which DeGrasse had recently taken 
from England. Vergennes haughtily refused this 
offer, and stated that he did not consider the inde- 
pendence of the United States as a concession to 
France in any way; that as regards the recognition of 
independence, England must treat directly with the 
United States. 

Grenville was disappointed by this answer, and 
the cabinet concluded that there was no more use to 
try to get an honorable treaty with France for the 
present. It was therefore thought best to act upon 
the suggestion of Vergennes, though not in the sense 
which he meant it, and, by granting all the Ameri- 
cans could reasonably desire, to detach them from 
the French alliance as soon as possible. These con- 
clusions were reached before the news came of 
Rodney's naval victory by which the West Indies 
were once more in the possession of England. When 
this intelligence was received, all England rang with 
joy and the cabinet at once decided "to propose the 
independence of America in the first instance in- 
stead of making it the condition of a general treaty." 

8. Dissolution of the Cabinet. The dispute 
between Fox and Shelbourne once more arose as to 
which should conduct the negotiations. On the last 
day of June, Fox introduced a motion in the cabinet 
that the independence of the United States should 
be unconditionally acknowledged, so that England 



struggle for Independence 119 

migfht treat as with a foreign power. The motion 
was lost and Fox announced that he should resign 
his office. On the next day Lord Rockingham died. 

The Old Whigs now found some difficulty in 
choosing a leader. But their choice finally settled 
upon the Duke of Portland, and the king was urged 
to make him his prime minister. This position had 
already been offered to Shelbourne. Therefore Fox 
and Cavendish at once resigned. Richmond and 
Keppel remained in office, thus virtually breaking 
with the Old Whig party. Many others went over tothe 
New Whig party. William Pitt succeeded Caven- 
dish and Thomas Townshend became secretary of 
state for home and colonies and Lord Grantham be- 
came foreign secretary. 

These changes in the British ministry, together 
with the defeat of the Spaniards and French at Gi- 
braltar in September, greatly simplified the task of 
forming a treaty of peace. 

9. New Complications Arise. The object of the 
French-American alliance was to secure American 
independence aud humiliate England. This was sub- 
stantially done. The object of the Franko-Spanish 
alliance was to drive the English from Gibraltar, and 
this point was decidedly lost. France had promised 
not to cease from war until Spain had regained 
Gibraltar. Now there remained but one hope for 
this to be accomplished and that was by sharp deal- 
ings in forming a treaty. Failing to trade West 
Florida to England for Gibraltar, Vergennes at- 
tempted to satisfy Spain at the expense of the United 
States. 

10. Boundary Proposed. The possibility for 
enormous growth which the vast territory lying be- 
tween the Allegheny Mountains on the east and the 
Mississippi River on the west, the Great Lakes on 



120 American History Outlines and Notes 

the north and Florida on the south, would afford to 
the new nation, was clearly foreseen by sag-acious 
men. The French government was very unwilling 
to leave this territory in American hands. Vergen- 
nes therefore maintained that the Americans ought 
to recognize the boundary line fixed by the Quebec 
Act, giving up to England all the territory north of 
the Ohio River. The territory south of this river he 
would have regarded as Indian territory under the 
protection of Spain and the United States, according 
to certain boundary lines which he specified. 

11. NEwfoUNDLAND FISHERIES. By a treaty be- 
tween England and France, they had shared the 
privileges of the Newfoundland fisheries, and they 
both agreed that this right should not be granted to 
the United States. But as British subjects the New 
England fishermen had built up a great trade through 
this industry, and it served also as a training school 
for seamen. To deprive them of their right in these 
fisheries was to greatly weaken the strength and re- 
sources of the new nation. It seemed that Vergen- 
nes hoped by some such contention to so delay the 
treaty that he might exact some of his Spanish 
claims from America. 

12. New Arrivals from America axd their In- 
fluence UPON THE N gotiations. John Jay, who 
had lately arrived in France to take part in the ne- 
gotiation, soon began to suspect the design of the 
French minister. He found what he considered 
evidences of underhanded work, and sent Benjamin 
Vaughan to Lord Shelbourne to put him on his guard 
and to make known his willingness to begin negotia- 
tions without waiting for formal recognition of 
independence, provided that Oswald's commission 
should speak of the thirteen United States of Ameri- 
ca, instead of calling them colonies and naming them 



struggle for Independence 121 

separately. Lord Shelbourne acted npon the sugges- 
tion. A new commission was made out for Oswald 
in which our country was described as the United 
States. 

On the part of England the negotiations were con- 
ducted by Oswald assisted by Strachey; and Fitzher- 
bert succeeded Grenville. In November John Adams 
and Henry Laurens joined the American commis- 
sion. The arrival of Adams fully decided the 
question as to a separate negotiation with England. 
He agreed with Jay that Vergennes should be kept 
somewhat in the dark as to the progress of the treaty 
until all the details were worked out. Inasmuch as 
the treaty'of alliance between the United States and 
France provided that neither nation should make 
peace without the other, Franklin yielded very 
reluctantly. It is claimed that the Americans kept 
the letter of their contract and were not guilty of 
ingratitude or bad faith because it was declared in 
the preamble to the treaty with England that the 
articles here signed were provisional, and that the 
treaty was not to take effect until terms of peace 
should be agreed upon between England and France. 

Note 3.— Negotiations completed; Terms of the 
Treaty. As soon as the problem was reduced to a 
negotiation between the American commissioners 
and Lord Shelbourne's ministry, the way was cleared 
at once. The principal question had already been 
discussed between Franklin and Oswald. 

The main provisions of the treaty were as 
follows: — 

1. An acknowledgement of the independence of the 
United States of America. 

2. The boundaries of the new republic were to ex- 
tend to the Mississippi River on the west, and from 



122 American History Outlines and Notes 

Nova Scotia, the St. Lawrence River and Great 
Lakes on the north, to Florida on the south. 

3. The free navigation of the Mississippi River 
and the Great Lakes was granted to the United 
States. 

4. The Americans retained the right to catch fish 
on the Banks of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, but lost the right of drying their fish on 
the Newfoundland coast. No provision was made to 
grant English subjects the right to fish on American 
coast. 

5. American merchants were to pay all debts con- 
tracted by them with British merchants before the 
war. 

6. Congress was to recommend to the state legis- 
latures that they restore civil rights to all Tories 
and make payment for all Tory property confiscated 
during the war. 

7. The king was to withdraw all his armies, garri- 
sons, and fleet from the United States, and do so as 
speedily as convenient, without causing destruction 
of property or carrying away any slaves or other 
property belonging to the Americans. 



In their ragged regimentals 
Stood the old continentals, 

Yielding not, 
When the grenadiers were lunging, 
And like hail fell the plunging 

Cannon-shot. 

—Mc Master. 



Formation Period 123 

SECTION VII. 
The Formation Period of American 
Constitutional Government 

1. vSteps in the development of the constitution. 

1^ The forms of colonial gfovernment contained 
the germs of liberty. 
1" Note the love of liberty and the interest 
taken in the gfovernment of the colonies. 
2^ The New Englajnd Confederacy, 1643. 

1- Object. 

2'- Provisions. 
3^ Albany Convention, 1754. 

r- Object. 

2"- Franklin's plan for union. 

3"' Results. 
4^ The first Colonial or Stamp Act Congress, 1765. 

!"■ Purpose. 

2- Results. 

5^ The first Continental Congress (Second Colo- 
nial Congress) 1774. 
1- Cause — England's oppression of the colonies. 
2' Measures adopted. 
6^ Second Continental Congress, 1775. 
1' First meeting, May 10. 

1'^ Actions taken. 
2' Second session, 1776. 

1^ Influence of Mecklenburg Declaration. 

2'' Declaration of Independence. 

3'^ Committee appointed to prepare Articles 

of Confederation. 
4^ Committee or ambassadors sent to 
France. 



124 American History Outlines and Notes 

5'^ The several colonies were asked to adopt 
state constitutions. 
3- Other sessions, 1777-1781. 

1^ Articles of Confederation adopted and 
submitted to the states, November, 
1777. 
2^ Provisions for carrying on the war. 
T The states adopt constitutions — torms of, as 
adopted, 
l"- Separation of Church and State; Religious 

Revolution. — Note 1. 
2" Republican principles in government. 
8^ Articles of Confederation, 
r' Adopted by Congress, 1777. 
2'- Became operative March 1, 1781. 

1^ Why so long delayed? 
3" Chief provisions of. 

T' Bound the states to enter into a firm 

league of friendship with each other. 
2^ All votes in Congress were to be cast by 
states and each state was to have but 
one vote. 
3'' Congress reserved the power to declare 

war and to negotiate all treaties. 
4'^ Congress, on appeal, was to decide all 

disputes between the states. 
5'' The states reserved the right to regulate 
commerce and to raise all revenues and 
taxes. 
6'^ Congress shared with the states the right 

to issue and coin money. 
7' Congress could appoint a committee to 
manage the government during the re- 
cess of Congress. 
8^ The union was to be perpetual and the 
Articles could be changed or amended 



Formation Period 125 

only by the consent of Cong:ress and 
of each state legfislature. 
4^ What the Confederation accomplished, 
r'' It made treaties of peace. 
2^ It enacted the Ordinance of 1787 for the 
gfovernment of the northwest territory. 
1* This ordinance guaranteed perfect 

religious freedom. 
2* It provided that school and education 

should be encouraged. 
3* It prohibited slavery but provided a 

fugitive slave law. 
4* It provided that all states carved out 
of the Northwest Territory should 
be admitted on equal privileges with 
the thirteen original states. 
3' It received grants of land from the sever- 
al states. 
5^ Defects of the Articles. 

r^ It provided a federation of the several 

states but not a union of the people. 
2"' Congress consisted of but one house and 

it represented the states only. 
3' There was no provision for a chief ex- 
ecutive. 
4^ Congress could advise, request, and im- 
plore; but had no power to enforce any- 
thing upon the states or the people. 
State of the government under the Confeder- 
ation. 
1" Depleted treasury and specie scarce. 
2- Shay's Rebellion, 1786. 

3" Trouble with the Spanish over the Miss- 
issippi River. 
1'^ Threats of secession. 
2^ Quarrels about commerce. 



126 American History Outlines and Notes 

10^ Annapolis Trade Convention. 
1'^ Date. — September 11, 1786. 
2'- Purpose. — To agfree upon a uniform com- 
mercial policy for the several states. 
3^ Result. — Only five states represented. Ad- 
journed to meet in Philadelphia in May 
1787, "To devise such further provisions 
as shall appear necessary to render the 
constitution of the federal gfovernment 
adequate to the exigencies of the Union." 
11^ The Constitutional Convention, 1787. 
1" The work of the convention. 
2"^ Plans proposed for union. 
r The "Virginian Plan." 
2' The "New Jersey Plan." 
3^ Hamilton's Plan. 
4'^ Pinckney's Plan. 
S"* The Connecticut Compromise. 
3"^ Work of the committee on details. 
4^ Compromises. 
1^ Slavery. 

2^ Election of president. 
2. The Constitution as adopted by the convention. — 
Note 2. 
1^ General scheme of government and plan of the 
constitution. 
1" Origin and reasons. 
2^ The enacting clause — Preamble (memorize). 
3^ Departments or branches of the Government, 
r^ The Legislative Branch. Article I. 

1^ In whom the legislative power is vested. 
1^ Senate and House of Representatives. 
1^ Why two houses? 
2'^ Qualification of members. Why? 
3" Manner of electing members. 
1" Origin of method. 



Formation Period 127 

2^ "Gerrymandering:," 
4'' Membership of each house. 
1" Basis of. Why?— Note 3. 
2^ Manner of determining basis of 

representation. 
S*' Present number in each house. 
5'^ Length of term of ofhce; reasons for. 
6'" Presiding officers. 
2' Powers of Congress. 
1^ General law-making. 
V' Process of. 
2'^ Taxation. 

1^ Origin of bills. 
2^ Kind of taxes. 
3*^ Uniformity. 
3'^ To borrow money and pay obliga- 
tions. 
4^ To regulate commerce. 
6'^ To coin money and regulate weights 

and measures. 
T To establish Post Offices and Post 

Roads. 
8'' War power. 

l'^ To declare war. 
2*^ To raise, support, and regulate 
an army and navy. 
9^ Acts prohibited to Congress. 

1" To interfere with slavery before 

1809. 
2'^ To suspend the writ of Habeas 

Corpus. 
3*^ To pass bills of attainder and 

ex-post-facto laws. 
4^ To grant titles of nobility. 
5*^ To levy export duties. 
10' Acts denied to State Legislatures. 



128 American History Outlines and Notes 

V' To make alliances and engage 

in war. 
2*' To coin money or regulate its 

value. 
3" To issue letters of Marque and 

Reprisal. 
4" To pass bills of attainder or ex- 

post-facto laws. 
5" To grant titles of nobility. 
11'' Session of Congress. 
1** Long sessions. Dates. 
2^ Short sessions. Dates. 
2^ Special sessions. 
12' Publicity of records. 
1" How secured. 
2' The Executive Branch. Article II. 

1^ In whoin the executive power is vested. 
1^ Qualifications for president and vice 

president. 
2* Manner of electing, then; now. 
3^ Length of term of office, and salary. 
4* The President's Cabinet. How crea- 
ted? 
V Number of officers, then; now. 
2' Names of present members. 
5^ Powers and duties of the President. 
1^ Military power. 
2' Treaty-making power. 
3" Appointing power. 
4^ His message to Congress. 
5' Power over Congress. 
6" Pardoning power. 
6^ Powers and duties of Vice President. 
T Impeachment. 
3" The Judicial Branch. Article III. 
P Where the judicial power is vested. 



Formation Period 129 

1 Supreme Court. 

1^ Number and names of the judges of. 
I'' Their term of office. 
2*^ How vacancies are filled. 
2'' Jurisdiction. 
1*^ Original. 
2*^ Appellate. 
3'^ Sessions. 
2^ Inferior Courts. 

V" Circuit Court of Appeals. 
2' United States Circuit Courts. 
3'^ United States District Courts. 
4'' Special Courts. 

V' Supreme Court of the District of 

Columbia. 
2'' The Court of Claims. 
3*^ Territorial Courts. 
4^ Relations between States and the United 
States. Article IV. 
r^ Relation of States to each other. 
T The jurisdiction of the general govern- 
ment over territories. 
3'^ Relation of the States to the General 
Government. 
5^ Amendments. Article V. 

r^ Methods of amending the constitution. 
2' The "Bill of Rights." 

3'' Number and subject of amendments 
adopted. 
6'- Public debt, the supreme law of the land, 
oath of office, religious test. Article VI. 
7"^ Ratification or adoption of the constitution. 
Article VII. 
1^ Methods of, or plans for its adoption. 
1* Submitted by the Convention to 
Congress, September 20, 1787. 



130 American History Outlines and Notes 

2^ Adopted by Congress and submitted to 
the State Legislatures after eight 
days' discussion. 
3^ The State Legislatures call conven- 
tions of the people to whom it is sub- 
mitted and by whom it is finally 
adopted. 
4^ Wisdom of this method. 
2^ The growth of American political parties. 
1^ Federalists and Anti-federalists. 
1' Their principles. 
2^ Their leaders. 

3' Their influence upon the formation 
and adoption of the constitution. 
3^ Make a table of the dates when the sever- 
al states ratified the constitution. 
3. End of the Confederation and beginning of the 
new government. 
1^ Time for choosing electors — first Wednesday in 

January, 1789. 
2^ Time for voting for president — first Wednesday 

in February, 1789. 
3^ Time for the government to go into effect — first 

Wednesday in March, 1789. 
4^ Time when Washington was declared elected — 

April 6, 1789. 
5^ Washington's inauguration — April 30, 1789. 

NOTES 

Note L— Religious Revolution. "The history of 
the Reformation does not close, as many European 
authors have imagined, in a balanced and final distri- 
bution of the North and South between the Protest- 
ant and Catholic. Macaulay and others who have 
treated of the Reformation have taken too limited a 
view of it, supposing that this was its point of arrest. 



Formation Period 131 

It made another enormous stride when, at the Ameri- 
can Revolution, the state and church were solemnly 
and openly dissevered from one another." — Intellec- 
tual Development of Europe by J. W. Diaper', Vol. 2. 
Chapter <5, pages 226 and 227 . 

Note 2.— Suggestion to Pupils. During this 
study note the relation of the state constitution and 
forms of government, and of the colonial experiences 
with English law, to the provisions of our national 
constitution. 

Note 3. — Basis of Representation. A republic is 
a government of the people through representatives. 
Every officer and legislator of the United States, or 
of any state, is directly or indirectly chosen by the 
people and is responsible to the people for the faith- 
ful discharge of his duty. But in the United States 
government the members of the House of Represent- 
atives are the most direct representatives of the 
people, of a certain state or district in a state, to 
represent their interests and wishes in making the 
laws of the nation. 

The constitution places two limitations upon the 
number of representatives. It provides that each 
shall have at least one, and that there shall not be 
more than one to every thirty thousand of the repre- 
sentative population. This ratio has been changed 
from time to time as the population has increased. 
The census of the United States has been taken 
every ten years since 1790. As soon as possible after 
each census is taken, Congress fixes by law the ratio 
of representation by deciding the number of mem- 
bers to be seated in the House and then dividing the 
the whole population by it. The ratio based upon 
the census of 1910 is one representative for every 
194,182 inhabitants. There are always just two rep- 



132 American Histoiy Outlines and Notes 

resentatives from each state, elected by the direct 
vote of the people to represent the states as wholes. 



Thou, too, sail on, O ship of State! 
Sail on, O UNION, strong and great! 
Humanity with all its fears, 
With all its hopes of future years, 
Is hanging breathless on thy fate! 

— Lo7igfellow . 



The National Period 133 

SECTION VIII. 
The National Period 

1. George Washing-ton's Admistration. Two terms, 
1789-1797. 
1^ Inauguration— April 30, 1789. 
2^ Vice President — John Adams. 
3^ Party in power — Federal. 

4^ Events having an injBuence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles, 
r' Organization of the new government. 

1^ Organization of the first congress — the 
Legislative Department. 
1^ House of Representatives met and 

organized, April 1. 
2^ The Senate organized, April 6. 
2^ Formation of the president's cabinet — 
the Executive Department. 
1^ Secretary of State— (a) Thomas Jef- 
ferson, (b) Edmund Randolph, (c) 
Timothy Pickering. 
2* Secretary of War — (a) Henry Knox 
(b) Timothy Pickering, (c) James 
McHenry. 
3* Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Alex- 
ander Hamilton, (b) Oliver Wolcott. 
4^ Attorney General — (a) Edmund Ran- 
dolph, (b) William Bradford, (c) 
Charles Lee. 
3^ Organization of the judiciary — the Judi- 
cial Department. 
1^ The United States Supreme Court. 
2^ The United States Circuit Courts. 



134 American History Outlines and Notes 

3^ The United States District Courts. 
2^ Government finances. 
1^ Condition of. 
2^ Hamilton's plan.— Note 1. 

1^ To pay foreign debt and all interest 

due thereon— $11,710,378.00. 
2^ To pay all debts due from the gov- 
ernment to its private citizens — 
$42,414,085.00. 
3^ To assume all debts contracted by the 
separate states during the Revolu- 
tion aggregating $21,000,000.00. 
4^ To lay tarifif upon imports for revenue 

and protection. 
5^ To levy an excise tax. 
6^ To establish a National Bank. 
T To establish a United States Mint. 
3'^ Decimal coinage system adopted, 1792. 
3' Adoption of the "Bill of Rights"— first ten 
Constitutional Amendments, 1787-1791. — 
Note 2. 
4- Indian wars, 1790-1791. 
5' Slavery. 

l'^ Quakers petition Congress for Abolition, 

1790. 
2' Fugitive Slave Law, 1793. 
3'^ Quakers petition for abolition, 1797. 
6"^ Whisky Rebellion in Pennsylvania, 1794. 
r^ Opposition to the collection of the Whisky 
Tax. 

2^ Warning proclamation issued by the 

President. 
3^ Revenue officers attacked. 
4"^ Troops sent to quell the insurrection. 
1'^ Foreign affairs. 



The National Period 135 

P The United States and the French Revo- 
lution, 1793. 
1' Citizen Genet. 

2* Washington's proclamation of neu- 
trality. 
2' Treaties. 

1^ Jay's treaty with England, 1796. 
2^ Treaty with Spain, 1798. 
3^ Treaty with Algiers, 1796. 
8"' Sunday Schools established in America, 
1791. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified, 
r First patent issued, 1790. 
T Death of Benjamin Franklin, 1790. 
3'^ The first census taken. — Note 3. 
4"^ Anthracite coal discovered in Pennsylvania, 

1791. 
5'^ Inventions. — Note 4. 

1^ Nail-cutting machine by Jacob Perkins, 

1790. 
7;' Cotton gin by Eli Whitney, 1793. 
6"^ The national capitol located, 1793. 
T First western newspaper, "Sentinel of the 

North-west, " 1793. 
8"^ New states admitted, 
r Vermont, 1791. 
2'^ Tennessee, 1796. 
3^' Kentucky, 1792. 
6^ Presidential campaign, 1796. 

r' Political parties and candidates. — Note 5. 
r^ Federal, John Adams. 
2'* Republican, Thomas Jefferson. 
2'^ Issues. 

1'^ Should intimate relations be established 

with France? 
2^ Jay's Treaty with England. 



136 American History Outlines and Notes 

NOTES 

Note 1.— Hamilton's Plan. The new government 
had many difficulties to face. Perhaps the most 
serious and pressing of these were its debts and its 
lack of either credit or finance. Alexander Hamilton, 
whom Washington called to the treasury, had not 
only the needed knowledge but the boldness, the 
energy, the convincing power to carry others with 
him, in his efforts to establish the credit of the new 
government. Forty years later Daniel Webster said 
of him, "He smote the rock of national resources, 
and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth. He 
touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it 
sprang upon its feet." 

When Congress reassembled in January, 1790, 
Hamilton had his report on the public debt and pub- 
lic credit ready to submit. The recommendations he 
made in connection with his report provoked heated 
discussions in Congress. For the purpose of meet- 
ing the expenses of the new government. Congress 
(1789) passed the first tariff law; that is, levied a tax 
on many foreign goods entering this country. Ham- 
ilton advised that the national government assume 
all the Revolutionary War debt, both foreign and 
domestic; and, with the surplus arising from the tariff, 
create a fund with which to pay these debts. No 
one objected to the National Government's paying 
the foreign debt; but there was opposition on the part 
of the Jeffersonians (or Anti-Federalists) to the Nat- 
ional Government's assuming the State debts. It 
was clearly seen by all that the assumption of the 
State debts would tend to strengthen National Gov- 
ernment. As a large part of the state debts were 
loans from wealthy Americans, these influential citi- 
zens would at once become interested in building up 



The National Period 137 

the financial credit and would favor the revenues and 
taxes which the government might levy. But it was on 
these grounds that the Anti-Federalists opposed the 
measure and succeeded in defeating it in Congress. 
Later, however, (1793) by a bargain with the Anti- 
Federalists by which the national capital, Washing- 
ton, was located on the Potomac, enough votes were 
secured to adopt the measure. 

As the tariff did not yield sufficient revenue for the 
government, an excise tax was levied (1793). Oppo- 
sition to this measure led to the Whisky Rebellion 
in Western Pennsylvania, in 1794. 

The National Bank was established at Philadelphia 
(1791) and the United States Mint at the same place 
(1792). With the establishment of the mint. 
Congress adopted the decimal system. 

Note 2. — Bill of Rights. When the constitution 
was before the State Legislatures for adoption, it 
was thought by many that it did not sufficiently 
safgeuard the civil and religious liberties of the 
people, and some of the states adopted the national 
constitution on condition that a Bill of Rights be 
appended. Inall, seventy-eight articles of amendment 
were proposed. It became the duty of the first Con- 
gress to reduce these articles to a suitable number and 
form to be submitted to the people for ratification. 
Twelve proposed amendments were submitted. Ten 
of these were ratified and are known as the Bill of 
Rights. These amendments set forth certain rights 
of the people which must be held sacred; as, the 
right to freedom of religious worship, the right of 
free speech and of a free press, and the right to bear 
arms, the right of public meeting, the right to 
petition the government, the right to a fair trial by 
jury, and the right to freedom from arbitrary arrest 
or cruel punishment. 



138 American History Outlines and Notes 

Note 3.— First Census. The census of 1790 
showed the population of the United States to be 
3,929,827. Of this number 697,897 were negro slaves. 
The most populous state was Virginia; after which 
came in order, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Massa- 
chusetts, New York, Maryland, South Carolina, and 
Connecticut. The center of population was 25 miles 
east of Baltimore. There were but five towns with a 
population of more than 10,000. These were Phila- 
delphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, and 
Baltimore. Since 1790, the population of the United 
States has doubled on an average every twenty-five 
years, and the center has moved steadily westward. 

Note 4. — Inventions. In 1790, Jacob Perkins of 
Newburyport, Mass., invented the first practical 
machine for cutting nails. It was capable of cutting 
200,000 nails a day. 

In 1774, the English Parliament passed an act 
which forbade the exportation of machines used in 
the manufacture of cotton or linen cloth. But 
Samuel Slater, who had served an apprenticeship in 
the English mills, set up from memory at Pawtucket, 
Rhode Island, 1790, the first spinning machine used 
in this country, perfected after the English type. 

Eli Whitney, a school teacher of Massachusetts, 
moved to Georgia. While watching the servants 
picking seeds one by one from cotton fiber he was 
asked why he did not invent a machine with which to 
do ihe work. This set Whitney to thinking, and in 
1793 he made his first machine which was called the 
Cotton Gin. With it one could easily clean 300 
pounds of cotton a day. The influence of this 
invention was felt throughout the country. Firsts it 
revolutionized the production of cotton and made it 
one of the leading industries of the country. Second^ 
our cotton exports were greatly increased. In 1784, 



The National Period 139 

eigfht bagfs of cotton sent to Liverpool were seized by 
the English custom house officers on the ground 
that the United States could not have produced such 
an enormous amount. The captain of the vessel was 
accused of smuggling it from some other country. 
In 1803 we exported 100,000 bags and in 1860 cotton 
formed two-thirds of the country's exports. Thirds 
it caused the building of cotton mills all over the 
New England States. One of these, the mill con- 
structed by Francis C. Lowell at Waltham, 
Massachusetts, 1814, was the first cotton mill in the 
world in which the raw material was spun into 
thread, woven into cloth, and printed in colors, all 
under one roof. A short time before this, Lowell 
constructed the first loom operated by water power in 
America. Fourth, the area of the cotton plantations 
was extended far into the uplands of the south and 
the cultivation of the short-fibered cotton made 
profitable. Fifth, the number of northern slave 
holders increased and the owners of cotton mills lent 
their influence for slavery. Sixth, the institution of 
slavery was fastened securely upon the southern 
states. Slave labor is more profitable in the 
cultivation of cotton than in any other crop since so 
large a number of laborers can be worked under one 
overseer, and there are several stages in the devel- 
opment of the plant in which all the plantation 
servants can be utilized to good advantage. "In 
hoeing, picking, and chopping season, women and 
children and white-haired uncles were as efficient as 
able-bodied men." 

Note 5.— Political Parties. In the Constitutional 
Convention two parties arose. One of them, the 
Federalist party, favored granting to the national 
government a great deal of power to protect the 
Union; the other, the Anti-Federalist party, believed 



140 American History Outlines and Notes 

in reserving to the states most of their power, lest a 
despotism be set up. After the adoption of the 
constitution, the Anti-Federalists disbanded as a 
party; and to the Federalists, who favored the 
constitution, was given the task of putting- it into 
operation. Washington was not a strong party man, 
and he appointed to positions in his cabinet, men 
who differed in political views. During the first part 
of his administration there were no clearly defined 
parties. But the discussions in Congress over some 
of Hamilton's financial measures soon brought a 
division of sentiment, and the whole question of the 
powers granted to the National Congress by the 
constitution was opened up once more for discus- 
sion. Alexander Hamilton, John Ada;ms, and John 
Jay were the prominent leaders of the Federalists. 
They believed in a powerful national government in 
order to keep the union together, and became 
champions of the "loose construction" theory of the 
Constitution, holding that Congress had certain 
powers which, though not expressed, were implied. 
Thomas Jefferson with his supporters believed that 
the liberty of the people could best be preserved by 
strong state governments. They were strict 
constructionists, holding to the letter of the 
constitution, and became advocates of the Doctrine 
of "State's Rights." Jefferson, having recently 
returned from France where a new party had 
appeared known as Republican, suggested that the 
name Anti-Federalist be dropped and the term 
Democratic Republicans be adopted. (In Jackson's 
time this party became the Democratic party of 
today.) 

Heated discussions of the principles of govern- 
ment are characteristic of each presidential 
campaign and give rise to reports which might lead 



The National Period 141 

other nations to think we were on the verge of a civil 
war. After the election is over, however, the whole 
country soon settles down to the ordinary vocations 
of life in the pursuit of the welfare of home and 
nation, and political antagonists become commercial 
friends. 

These political parties had some ground for fears, 
and good arguments for many of the principles for 
which they stood. The existence in this country of 
two or more political parties has been a blessing to 
it in that the annual or quadrennial discussion of the 
principles for which they stand tends to make 
intelligent citizens, a thing necessary in a republican 
form of government. The minority party (party not 
in power), also serves as a balance wheel to the 
majority party (party in power), and thus better 
legislation is secured, 

2. John Adam's Administration. One term, 1797-1801. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1797. 
2^ Vice President — Thomas Jefferson. 
3^ Party in power — Federal. 

4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1^ Difficulties with France. 

1^ The French urged the United States to 
form an alliance with them against the 
British. 
2'^ The President and Congress remained 

neutral. 
3'^ The French assailed American commerce. 
4'' The X Y Z messages, or the embassy to 

France. 
5'^ Hostilities and preparation for war. (The 

Quasi War.) 
6'^ The Directory of France overthrown by 
Bonaparte. Peace followed. 



142 American History Outlines and Notes 

T The Alien and Sedition Laws passed, 1798. 

3" Virginia Resolutions adopted, 1798. 

4^ Kentucky Resolutions adopted, 1799. 

5^ Eleventh amendment to the constitution 

adopted, 1798. 
6'^ First direct tax by the gfeneral government 

on lands, houses, and negro slaves, 1798. 
T Fries' rebellion in Pennsylvania. Opposition 

to the direct tax, 1799. 
8'- John Marshall appointed Chief Justice of the 

Supreme Court of the United States. 
9- The "Midnight Judges." 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1- The President's Cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State — (a) Timothy Picker- 
ing, (^b) John Marshall. 
3^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Oliver 

Wolcott, (b) Samuel Dexter. 
3^ Secretary of War — (a) James McHenry, 
(b) Samuel Dexter, (c) Roger Gris- 
wold. 
4^* Secretary of the Navy — Benjamin Stod- 
dart. (This department was created and 
the Secretary made a member of the 
cabinet, 1799). 
5'^ Attorney General — (a) Charles Lee, (b) 
Theophilus Parsons. 
2^ The "Time of the End," 1798. 
3^ Death of George Washington, 1799. 
4^ The seat of government changed to Wash- 
ington, 1800. 
5-' Thomas Jefferson the first persident chosen 
by the House of Representatives. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

r^ Political parties and candidates. 



The National Period 143 

1^ Republican — Thomas Jefferson and 

Aaron Burr. 
2^ Federal — John Adams, and Charles 
Pinckney. 
2"' Issues. 

1^ The Alien and Sedition Laws. 
2^ Retrenchment in expenditures. 
3^ Internal revenues. 
3" The election went to the house of repre- 
sentatives. Why? 
Thomas Jefferson's Administration. Two terms, 

1801-1809. 
1^ Inauguration— March 4, 1801. 
2^ Vice Presidents — (a) Aaron Burr, (b) Georgfe 

Clinton. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
1" Repeal of the judiciary law passed in 

Adam's administration. 
2^ The excise tax was taken from whisky. 
3"- Purchase of Louisiana, 1803. 
4'^ Passage of the Twelfth Amendment, 1804. 
5" Secession threatened by radicals in New 

England, 1804. 
6- Tripolitan War, 1801-1806. 
7'^ War between England and France involves 
the United States. 

1^ French and English Blockades. (The 
Berlin and Milan Decrees and Orders 
in Council, 1806). 

2^ Passage of the Embargo Act, 1807. 

3^ Firing on the Chesapeake, 1807. 

4^ The Non-intercourse Law was passed, 
1809. 



144 American History Outlines and Notes 

8" The importation of slaves was forbidden, 
1808. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1'^ The President's Cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State — James Madison. 

2^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Samuel 

Dexter, (b) Albert Gallatin. 
3^ Secretary of War — Henry Dearborn. 
4^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) Benjamin 
Stoddart, (b) Robert Smith, (c) 
J. Crowninshield. 
5^ Attorney General — (a) Levi Lincoln, (b) 
Robert Smith, (c) John Breckinridgfe, 
(d) C. A. Rodney. 
T First written message sent to Congress, 

1801. 
3" The army and navy reduced. 
4'- The expedition of Lewis and Clarke, 1804. 
5"^ The duel between Hamilton and Burr, 1804. 
6^ The trial of Aaron Burr for treason, 1807. 
7'^ The steamboat invented by Fulton, 1807. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1'- Political parties and candidates. 

r^ Republican — James Madison and George 

Clinton. 
2'^ Federal — Charles Pinckney and Rufus 
King. 
2"- Issues. 

V' Embargo Act. 
T War with England. 
4. James Madison's Administration. Two terms 
1809-1817. 
1^ Inauguration— March 4, 1809. 
2' Vice President — (a) George Clinton, (b) El- 
bridge Gerry. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 



. Tlic National Period 1 45 

4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 

Republican principles. 

l" Indian troubles in the Northwest. 

1'' Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811. 

2- War with Great Britain, 1812-15. 

1'' Causes and conditions leading to the war. 

1^ The rig-ht to search American vessels 

and impress seamen supposed to be 

of English birth. 

V' Reasons for this claim. As the 

commerce of the United States 
» 

increased, many nev>' ships were 
built, and wages of seamen rose 
in a short time from $8.00 to 
$24.00 per month. Many British 
seamen deserted their vessels 
and came to America for higher 
wages. This led England to 

claim the right to search. 

2* Acts of France and England. 

V' England issued the Orders in 
Council, May 16, 1806. 

2^ France retaliated with Berlin De- 
cree, Nov. 21, 1806. 

3'' England iussed 2d Orders in Coun- 
cil, Nov. 11, 1807. 

4'^ France retaliated with Milan 
Decree, Dec. 7, 1807. 

5' 6,000 American seamen were im- 
pressed and 900 ships were 
confiscated. 

6' Firing on the Chesapeake, 

T Engagement between the vessels 
President and Little Belt, May 
1811. 
3* Acts of America. 



146 American History Outlines and Notes 

1" Non-importation Act passed April 
18, 1806; became operative, l-iec- 
14, 1807. 
2' The Embargo Act passed Dec. 22, 

1807. 
3' The Embargo Act Repealed, Feb. 

28, 1809. 
4' Non-intercourse Act, Mar. 1, 1809. 
5'' Non-intercourse Act expired, May 
10, 1810, by the passage of Mason 
Bill. 
6'' Non-intercourse Act re-enacted 
against Great Britain, Mar. 2,1811. 
7" Madison's attempted negotiations. 
4^ Napoleon's double dealing. 
5^ England continued possession of 
certain western forts and incited the 
Indians to commit depredations. 
6"* The two political parties. 
2^ Declaration of war, June 18, 1812. 
3'^ Operations on the Canada border. 
1* Invasion of Canada — reasons for. 
1" Events and Results. 
r Detroit, Aug. 15, 1812. 
2'' Oueenstown Heights, Oct. 13, 

1812. 
3'' Capture of York (Toronto) 

April 27, 1813. 
4'' Forts George and Niagara, May 
27, 1813. 
2" Operations in and about the Great 
Lakes. 
1" Battle of Frenchtown, June 22, 

1813. 
2" Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 
Sept. 10, 1813. 



, 7he National Period 147 

3- Battle of the Thames, Oct, 5, 

1813. 
4'^ Battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814. 
5'' Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, 

1814. 
6- Battle of Fort Erie, Aug. 15, 
1814. 
4^ Naval Battles at Sea. 

1^ Constitution and Guerriere, Aug. 19, 

1812. 
2' Wasp and Frolic, Oct. 18, 1812. 
3^ United States and Macedonia, Oct. 25, 

1812. 
4^ Constitution and Java, Dec. 26, 1812. 
5' Hornet and Peacock, Feb. 24, 1813. 
6^ Enterprise and Boxer, Sept. 5, 1813. 
T Chesapeake and Shannon, June 1, 

1813. 
8' Argus and Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813. 
9^ American privateers captured hun- 
dreds of British merchant vessels. 
5^^ War in the East. 

1' Battle of Bladensburg, Aug. 24,1814. 
2^ burning of the capitol at Washington, 

April 25, 1814. 
3^ Attack on Fort ^IcHenry, Sept. 13, 
1811. (Francis Scott Key wrote the 
"Star Spangled Banner" on this 
occasion.) 
6' Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. 
7' End of War, Treaty of Ghent. 
^^ Results. 

1^ No mention was made in the treaty of 
the right of search but no further 
trouble came of it. 
2^ All conquests restored. 



148 American History Outlines and Notes 

2'* England and America agree to a com- 
bined effort for the suppression of 
the slave trade. 

4' The war cost the United States, 
• 1,683 vessels, 18,000 sailors and 
$120,000,000.00. 

5^ The American N <vy gained prestige. 

6* Commercial relations were restored. 

T Home manufacture- began to build 
up. 

3' New England opposition to the war. 
1' Cause and nature of the opposition. 
2'^ The Hartford Convention. 
1^ State representation. 
2^ Work of the Conventiqn. 

I*' Resolutions and remonstrance 
adopted. 

l** Character of, compared with 
Virginia and Kentucky reso- 
lutions. 
3' Results. 
4" War with Algiers. 

1'^ Cause and results. 
5" Finances. 

r' Direct tax laid, 1813, 1815. 1816. 
2'^ United States National Bank re-estab- 
lished, 1816. 
3'' The first protective tariff, 1816. 

1* Attitude of the Republicans toward. 
2^ Leaders in supporting and in oi)posing 
the measure. 
6" American Colonization Society organized, 
1816. 
1'' Purpose and plans. 



The National Period 149 

7' President's cabinet. 

1'^ Secretary of State — (a) Robert Smith, 

(b) James Monroe. 
2'^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Albert 
Gallatin, (b) G. W. Campbell, (c) A. J. 
Dallas. 
3'^ Secretary of War — (a) William Eiistis, 
(b) John Armstrong, (c) B. W. Crown- 
inshield, (d) William Crawford. 
4"^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) Paul Hamil- 
ton, (b) William Jones, (c) B. W. 
Crowninshield. 
5'' Attorney General — (a) C. A. Rodney, (b) 
William Pinckney, (c) Richard Rush. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 

1"- The Rocking-ham Resolutions. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1' Political parties and candidates. 

T' Republrcan^James Monroe and Daniel 

Tompkins. 
2" Federal — Rufus King and John E. 
Howard. 
2' Issues. 

1'^ Not clearly defined. 
James Monroe's Administration (Era of good feel- 
ing). Two terms, 1817-1825. • 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1817. 
2^ Vice President — Daniel D. Tompkins. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 

4' Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1"- War with the Seminole Indians, 1819. 
2' The purchase of Florida, 1819. 
3'^ Treaty with Spain, rratified by the United 
StatesVl819; by-Spain, 1821.- • - 



150 American History Outlines and Notes 

4" Missouri Compromise, 1820, and the growth 
of slavery. 
T' Authors. 
2^ Provisions, 
8=* Results. 
5" Republics of South America recognized by 

the United States. 
6'^ The Monroe Doctrine. 
1^ Cause. 
T Statement. 
3^ Results. 
7- The tariff of 1824. (High protection.) 
5' Events of interest unclassified, 
l"-' The President's cabinet. 

1'' Secretary of State — John Quincy Adams. 
T Secretary of the Treasury — William H. 

Crawford. 
3' Secretary of War — (a) George Graham, 

(b) John C. Calhoun. 

4'^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) B. W. Crow- 

ninshield, (b) Smith Thompson, (c) 

John Rogers, [d) Samuel L. Southard. 

5'^ Attorney General — (a) Richard Rush, 

(b) William Wirt. 

2' The first steam voyage across the Atlantic 

Ocean, 1819. 
3"' La Fayette's visit, 1824-1825. 
4"^ Financial panic, 1819. 
5^ Work begun on the Erie Canal, 1817. 
6'* John Quincy Adams the second president 
elected by the House of Representatives. 
7" Treaty with Russia. 
6' Presidential campaign. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

r' Southern faction of the Democratic- 



The National Period 151 

Republican — Andrew Jackson and 
Henry Clay. 
2^ New Engfland faction of the Democratic- 
Republican — John Quincy Adams and 
William H. Crawford. 

2- Issues. 

1^ The campaign was a personal contest. 
2'^ Internal improvements. 
6. John Quincy Adams' Administration. One term, 
1825-1829. 
1^ Inaugfuration — March 4, 1825. 
2^ Vice President — John C. Calhoun. 
3^ Party in power — National Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence on Protestant and 
Republican principles. 

1"' Indian affairs in Georgia (involves the 
question of vState rights), 1827. 
r^ Agreement of the general government 

with Georgia. 
2'^ Indian tribes concerned. 

1^ The Creek and the Cherokee. 
2* Their treaty with the United States. 
3^ Their trouble with Georgia. 
3'^ The action of Governor Troup — the 
doctrine of State sovereignty asserted, 
4'^ The outcome and its importance. 
2' The Panama Congress, 1825-26. 

1^ Purpose of this congress and questions to 

be discussed. 
2^ The United vStates invited and why she 

refused. 
3' Results. 

3- The tariff of 1828. (Tariff of Abominations.) 
1^ Character and purpose of the bill. 

2^ Its supporters and opposers. 



152 American Hisforv Otitlims and Notes 

4- Bill iur a v-)un(iav Law and the vSenate and 
the House reports on the same, 1829. 
5' Events of interest unclassified, 
r' The President's cabinet. 

r Secretary of State — Henry Clay. 

2'^ Secretary of the Treasury— Richard Rush. 

3'' Secretary of War — (a) James Carbour, 

(b) Peter B. Porter. 
4'' Secretary of the Navy — Samuel L. South- 
ard. 
5^ Attorney General — William Wirt. 

2- Corner stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid, 

June 17, 1825. 
r^ Laid by La Fayette. 
2'' Oration by Daniel Webster. 

3- Erie Canal opened in October, 1825. 

V' Influence of Governor De Wit Clinton of 

New York. 
2' Lenj4th, 363 miles; cost $7,000,000. 
3"' Results. 

1"* Freight rates from Albany to Buffalo 

reduced from $88 to $6.50 per ton. 
2^ Lifluence upon the West. 
4-' Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, 

1826. 
5"^ Webster's dictionary published. 
6'^ Joseph Smith founded the Mormon religion, 

1827. 
7" The beginning of rail roads in the United 
States, 
r^ Ouincy horse rail road, built to haul 

granite two miles, 1826. 
2'' Mauch Chunk horse rail road, built in 
Pennsylvania to haul coal 13 miles, 
1827;v 



The National Period 351 

3'^ B. & O., first passenger rail road in 

America, begun, 1828. 
4'^ First steam locomotive in the United 
vStates, between Carbondale and Hones- 
dale, Pa., 1829. 
8"' Organization of the Anti-Masonic Party. 
9"' Organization of Temperance Societies. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1'- Political parties and candidates. 

r^ Democratic — Andrew Jackson and John 

C. Calhoun. 
2'^ National Republican — John Ouincy 
Adams and Richard Rush. 
2' Issues. 

1" Protective Tarifif. 
2' National Bank. 
3'' Internal Improvements. 
7. Andrew Jackson's Administration. Two Terms, 
1829-1837. - 
1^ Inauguration— March 4, 1829. 
2' Vice President— (A) John C. Calhoun, (B) Mar- 
tin Van Buren. 
3^ Party in power — Democratic. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1^ The spoils system: "To the victors belong 
the spoils." Changes made in the civil 
service. 
1'* Policy of Jackson's predecessors. 
2* Removals marie by Jackson and his 

reasons. 
3' Results. 
2'- Independence of Mexico recognized, 1829. 
?;' Revised tariff schedule, 1832, and Com- 
promise Bill of 1833 
4' State Rights and Nullification. 



154 American History Outlines and Notes 

1' The two sections of the country — North 
and South. 
1^ Contrast their views on slavery, tariff, 
and internal improvements. 
3' John C. Calhoun as a leader in the South. 
1^ His theories in regfard to the follow- 
ing: 
1' The rigfht of the general govern- 
ment to pass laws. 
2' State sovereignty. 
3* Secession. 

4''^ The relation between States. 
5'' Nullification. 
3'' Webster and Hayne debate, 1830. 
4''' Nullification Act of South Carolina, 1832. 
1* Cause — Protective tariff laws of 1828 

and 1832. 
2^ Leaders — Calhoun and Hayne. 
?>^ Results — Farragut with naval force 

sent to South Carolina. 
4^ Constitutional way to nullify acts 

of congress. 
5' The Force Bill. 
1" Provisions of. 
5^ Were the Union and the Constitution 
strengthened or weakened by these 
events? 
S^ The Anti-slavery movement, 1831-38. 
1^ The early anti-slavery sentiment. 
2^ William Lloyd Garrison and the "Libera- 
tor." 
3'' Formation of Anti-slavery Societies. 
4''' Abolition documents and mails. 
5"' Slavery petitions in Congress. 

1' The "Gag rule" and its relation to the 
Constitution. 



The National Period 155 

6^ Murder of Lovejoy. 

7^ Growth in the North and effect in the 
South. 
6" Jackson's war on the United States Bank. 
1^ Expiration of the bank charter. 
2' Jackson's objection to the bank. 
3'^ Supporters of Jackson's views. 
4^ Positions taken by the political parties in 

the election of 1832. 
5' Removal of the deposits, 1833. 

1* Jackson's reasons and his difficulty in 

removal. 
2' The "Pet Banks." 
3* Attitude of the Senate. 
4* Results. 

1^ Advantages and disadvantages of 

the United States Bank. 
2° Increase of state banks. 
3'^ Speculation and its results. Ap- 
parent prosperity. 
4^ Specie circular issued Jul^- 12, 
1836. 
1" Debts to the government must 
be paid in coin after August 
15, 1836. 
7" Reprisals on French commerce, 
r Cause. 

1* During our war with England 1812- 
1814, France had preyed upon our 
commerce. In 1831 she agreed to 
pay us $5,000,000 damage. On ac- 
count of delay Jackson ordered 
reprisals on French commerce. 
2' Result. 

1^ The debt was immediately paid. 
8'' Indian troubles. 



156 American History Otitlifies and Notes 

V The Black Hawk War, 1832. 

1^ Cause and results. 
2'' Organization of the Indian Territory, 

1834. 
3'' The Creek Indians removed to the Indian 

Territory. 
4' Seminole War. 
1^ Cause. 
2^ Results. 
9"- Org-anization of the Morman Church, 1830. 
5' Events of interest unclassified. 
1"- The President's' cabinet. 

1'^ Secretary of State — (a) Martin Van 

Buren, (b) Edward Livingfston, (c) 

Louis McLane, (d) John Forsyth. 
2'^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Samuel 

D, Ingham, (b) Louis McLane, (c) 

William J. Duane, (d) Roger B. Taney, 

Levi Woodbury. 
3'' Secretary of War— (a) John H. Eaton, 

(b) Louis Cass, (c) Benjamin F. 

Butler. 
4'' Secretary of the Navy — (a) John Branch, 

(b) Levi Woodbury, (c) Mahlon Dick- 

erson. 
5' Postmaster General— (a) William T. 

Ijarry, (b) Amos Kendall. 
G' Attorney General— (a) John M. Berrien, 

(li) Roger B. Taney, (c) Benj. F. 

Butler. 
7' Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet." 

2- Postmaster General made a member of the 

cabinet, 1829. 

3- Resignation of the 'v'lce President, John 

C. Calhoun, Dec. 28, 1832. 
4'^ The Meteoric Shower, T833. 



The National Period 157 

5"^ Mc Cormick's reaper was patented, 1834. 

6' The ^-reat fire in New York, ISS-t. 

7' Death of Monroe and Madison, 1831 and 

1836. 
8' Locofoco matches invented, 1829. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

r^ Democratic — Martin Van Biiren and 

Richard Johnson. 
2^ Whig — William Henry Harrison and 
Francis Granger. 
2'- Issues. 

r The National Bank. 
Martin Van Buren's Administration. One Term, 

1837-41. 
P Inauguration — March 4, 1837. 
2^ Vice President — Richard M. Johnson. 
3^ Party in power — Domocratic. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles. 
1" The financial panic of 1837. 
r^ Causes. 

P The removal of United Stales funds 

from State banks. 
2^ Issuance of vast sums of paper 

money. 
3^ Wild speculations. 
4^ The specie circular. 
2' Events. 

P F'ailures in New York alone amounted 

to $100,000,000.00. 
2^ Frequent failures threw large num- 
bers of men out of employment. 
3* Banks suspended specie payments. 
4^ Mississippi and Florida repudiated 
their debts. 



158 American History Outlines and Notes 

3' Relief measures. 

\^ Attitude of Van Buren. 

2' Congress ordered $10,000,000. treasury 

notes to be issued. 
2^ Independent Treasuries or Subtreas- 
uries established, 1840, 
V' Origfin of the system. 
2'^ Advantages of the plan. 
3'' Objections to the plan. 
2'' The Canadian Rebellion, 1837-1838. 

1'' The Carolina sent over the Niagara 
Falls. Why? 
3'- Texas applies for admission, 1837. 
4" Cherokee Indians removed to Indian Terri- 
tory, 1838. 
5'- The Mormons locate at Nauvoo, Illinois, 

1840. 
& The Liberty Party organized, 1840. 
r* Its principles. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1"^ The President's cabinet. 

1'* Secretary of State — John Forsyth. 
2"' Secretary of the Treasury — Levi Wood- 
bury. 
3'^ Secretary of War — Joel R. Poinsett. 
4'* Secretary of the Navy— (a) Mahlon Dick- 

erson, (b) James K. Paulding. 
5"' Postmaster General — (a) Amos Kendall, 

(b) John M. Niles. 
6"' Attorney General— (a) Benj. F. Butler, 
(b) Felix Grundy, (c) Henry D. Gil- 
pin. 
2' The magnetic telegraph patented, 1837. 
3' Murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy, at Alton, 111., 

1837. 
4' Friction matches first used, 1838. 



Tlie National Period 159 

5" Educational progress. 

1' Growth of common schools and higher 

education. 
2'' The first Normal school was opened in 

Massachusetts, 1839. 
3'* Newspapers and their importance. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1'^ Political parties and candidates. 

1'' Whig — William Henry Harrison and John 

Tyler. 
T Democratic — Martin Van Buren and 

Richard M. Johnson. 
3'^ Liberty — James G. Briney and Francis J. 
Lemoyne. 
2' Issues. 

r National Bank. 
2'' Protective Tariff. 
3'' Economy of Administration. 
4'' Financial Measures. 
9. William Henry Harrison's and John Tyler's Ad- 
ministration. One term, 1841-45. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1841. 
2^ Vice President — John Tyler, one month. 
3^ Party in power — Whig. 

4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1"^ Financial policies and measures. 

1" Repeal of the subtreasury law, 1841. 

2'' Break between the President and the 

Whigs, 1841. Cause? 
3'' The passage of a national bankruptcy 

law, 1841. 
4'' The cabinet officers resign, 1841. 
5^' Tariff of 1842. 
1^ Reasons for. 
2^ Provisions of. 



160 American History Outliucs and Notes 

2' The Webster and Ashbiirton Treaty, or 
Treaty of Washingfton, 1842. 
r' Questions settled. 
1^ Boundary lines. 

2' The rig-ht of search formally given up. 
3* England and the United States pledge 
their navies to suppress the slave 
trade. 
4* Extradition of criminals. 
3- Dorr's rebellion, 1842. 
1' Cause and results. 
4' Trouble with the Mormons in Illinois, 1844. 
5"' Annexation of Texas, 1845. 
1" History of Texas. 

1^ United vStates' attempts to buy Texas, 

1827, 1829. 
2^ Land grants to Moses Austin. 
3* Sectled from southern states. 
4^ Texas Revolution. 
5^ Independence recognized. 
6* Annexation applied for. 
2'* By whom favored. 
3"' By whom opposed. Why? 
4' Effect on the North. 
6' The anti-rent riots in New York, 1845. 
1'' Causes. 
2' Events. 

I'* Increase in rent rates. 

2^ The collectors were mobbed and 

killed. 
3* Those who paid the rent were per- 
secuted. 
3' Results. 
7" The Great Advent Movement. 

1'' Outline or diagram the 2300 days. 



The National Period 161 

2' The work of Joseph Wolf, William 
Miller, Joshua V. Himes, and others. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1' The President's cabinet. 

1'' Secretary of State — (a) Daniel Webster, 
(b) Hug-h S. Legar, (c) A. P. Upshur, 
(d) John Nelson, (e) John C. Calhoun. 
2'' Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Thomas 
Ewing-, (b) Walter Forward, (c) John 
C. Spencer, (d) George M. Bibb. 
3^ Secretary of War — (a) John Bell, 
(b) John McLean, (c) John Spencer, 
(d) James M. Porter, (e) Wm. Wilking-. 
4* Secretary of the Navy — (a) G. E. Badger, 
(b) A. P. Upshur, (c) David Henshaw, 
(d) T. W\ Gilmer, (e) John Y. Mason. 
5'^ Postmaster General — (a) Francis Grang- 
er, (b) Charles Wickliffe. 
6^ Attorney General — (a) John J. Critten- 
den, (b) Hugh S. Legar, (c) John Nel- 
son. 
2' Death of the President, April 4, 1841. 
3' Tyler took the oath of office, April 6, 1841. 
4'^ The first message by telegraph, 1844. 
5' First commercial treaty with China, 1844. 
6"' Congress fixed Tuesday after the first Mon- 
day in November, of years divisible by 4, 
as the time to hold presidential elections. 
6' Presidential campaign. 

1' Political parties and candidates. 

1' Democratic — James K. Polk and George 

M. Dallas. 
T Whig — Henry Clay and Theodore Frel- 

inghuysen, 
3'' Liberty — James G. Briney and Thomas 
Morris. 



162 American History Outlines and Notes 

2' Issue. 

1'' The annexation of Texas. 
10. James K. Polk's Administration. One Term, 
1845-49. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1845. 
2' Vice President — George M. 1 alias. 
3' Party in power — Democratic. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1' Four objects the President had to accom- 
plish. 
r The Mexican War, 1846-48. 

1'' Causes and preliminary events. 

1^ Texas became an independent nation, 

1836, applied for admission to the 

Union in 1837, and was annexed in 

1845. 

2^ A dispute arose over the boundary 

line between Texas and Mexico. 
3^ The Mexican minister was withdrawn 
from the United States, March 6, 
1845. 
4' General Taylor was sent to occupy the 

disputed territory. 
5^ The first blood was shed near Fort 
Brown where Captain Thornton and 
party were captured. 
6^ War was declared by the United 

States, May 13, 1846. 
7^ War war declared by Mexico, May 26, 
1846. 
2' Campaigns of the war. 

1^ General Taylor's march to Mexico 
from the North. (Army of Occupa- 
tion.) 
1" Principal battles and results. 



. 'Jlie National Period 163 

2^ General Kearney's attack upon New 
Mexico. (x\rmv of Acquistion or 
Conquest.) 
V Principal battles and results. 
3^ General Scott's march to the City of 
Mexico. (Army of Invasion.) 
V' Principal events and results. 
4^ Capture of California. 
V' Kvents and results. 
3^ Results of the war. 

1* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hldalg^o, Feb. 2, 

1848. 
2* Boundary line. 
3^ Territory acquired by the United 

States. 
4^ Cost of the war. 

5^ Influence of the war upon religion. 
3' The Wilmot Proviso, 1846. 
1'* Nature of. 
T Principles involved. 

3'' Results — beginning" of the Free-soil Party. 
4' Dispute over the boundary of Oregon, 1844- 
46. 
1'* Territory claimed by each nation and 

basis of the claims. 
2' Occupation of the country and influence 

of Marcus Whitman. 
3'^ The boundary compromised, 1846. 
5"' The Walker Tariff and the Independent 
Treasury Act, 1846. 
1'' Character and results of the tariff. 

1* Provisions of the Independent Treas- 
ury system. 
6' The Mormons migrate to Utah, 1847. 
7'^ The rise of Seventh-day Adventists, 1848. 
8'^ The beginning of Modern Spiritualism, 1848. 



164 American History Outlines and Notes 

5' Events of interest unclassified. 
]' The President's cabinet. 

1'' Secretary of State — James Buchanan. 

2' Secretary of the Treasury — Robert J. 

Walker. 
3^ Secretary of War — William J. Marcy. 
4'' Secretary of the Navy — (a) George Ban- 
croft, (b) John Y. Mason- 
s'' Postmaster General — Cave Johnson. 
6' Attorney General — (a) John Y. Mason, 
(b) Nathan Clifford, (c) Isaac Toncey. 
2^ The Smithsonian Institute founded, 1846. 
3' Howe Sewing Machine patented, 1846. 
4" Virginia portion of the District of Columbia 

receded to Virginia, 1846. 
5' Worcester's dictionary published, 1846. 
6' The suspension bridge erected at Niagara, 

1846. 
7" Hoe patented the cylinder printing press, 

1848. 
8'~ Gold discovered in California, 1848. 

1' Vigilance Committees. 
9*^ Death of J. Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson, 

1848 
10" Department of the Interior was created 

Mar. 3, 1849. 
11' Postage stamps first used in the United 
States, 1847. 
6' Presidential campaign. 

1'^ Political parties and candidates. 

1'^ Whig — Zachary Taylor and Millard Fill- 
more. 
2^ Democratic — Lewis Cass and William O. 

Butler. 
3* Free-soil — Martin Van Buren and Francis 
Adams, 



Th"- National Period 165 

2^ Issues. 

P Free-soil party made slavery its issue. 
2^ The other parties made no positive issue. 
3^ The contest rested upon the popularity of 
the candidates. 
11. Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore's Adminis- 
tration. One Term, 1849-53. 
1^ Inauguration— Mar. 5, 1849. Why March 5? 
2' Vice President — Millard Fillmore, sixteen 

months. 
3^ Party in power — Whig. 

4' Events having- an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles, 
r Invasion of Cuba, 1849-51. 
r^ Leader. 

1^ Lopez. 
2'^ Purpose. 

1* Liberate Cuba from Spain. 
3' Result. 

1^ The Cubans did not rush to his sup- 
port as he expected. He was tried 
for treason and executed. 
T Clayton — Bulwer Treaty, between the L^nited 
States ant". England. 
1^ It guaranteed the neutrality of inter- 
oceanic commercial routes across the 
Central-American isthmus. 
3'"^ Omnibus Bill or Compromise of 1850. 
1^ Causes. 
T Provisions. 

1^ California was to be admitted as a free 

state. 
2^ Texas might be divided into states not 
exceeding four in number. The 
people of each state were to de- 



166 American History Outlines and Notes 

cide whether that state should be 

free or slave. 

3' Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to 

release her claims on New Mexico. 

4' Utah and New Mexico were to be 

orgfanized as territories without 

mention of slavery. 

5"* The slave trade should be forbidden in 

the District of Columbia. 
6* Slaves escaping" into free states should 
be arrested and returned to owners. 
7* What did each side gfive up? 
3"' Results. 

1* It increased the opposition to slavery. 
2^ It caused the downfall of the Whig 

party. 
3^ It increased the sentiment for seces- 
sion. 
4* The Nashville Convention urg-ed the 
slave states to secede. 
4- The "Underground Railroad," 1852. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1"- The President's cabinet. 

r Secretary of State — (a) John M. Clayton, 
(b) Daniel Webster, (c) Edward Ever- 
ett. 
2^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) W. M. 

Meredith, (b) Thomas Corwin. 
3'^ Secretary of War— (a) Georgfe W. Craw- 
ford, (b) Charles M. Conrad. 
4'^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) Wm. B. Pres- 
ton, (b) Wm. A. Graham, (c) J. B. 
Kennedy. 
5'* Secretary of the Interior — (a) Thomas 
H. Ewing, (b) A. H. H. Stuart. 



'The National Period 167 

6"' Attorney General — (a) Reverdy Johnson, 

(b) J. J. Crittenden. 
7'^ Postmaster General — (a) Jacob Collam- 
• mer, (b) Nathan K. Hall, (c) S. D. 
Hubbard. 
2' Death of President Ta^^lor, July 9, 1850. 
3" Fillmore inaugfurated president, July 10. 
4' Congress made its first grant of land to a 
railroad company — the Illinois Central, 
1850. 
5-' Letter postage reduced to three cents. 
6" Death of Calhoun, 1850; Webster and Clay, 

1852. 
7- "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published, 1852. In- 
fluence of the book, then and now. 
8" The Prohibition Law passed, 1851. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 
1' Parties and candidates. 

r' Democratic— Franklin Pierce and Will- 
iam R. King. 
2' Whig— Winfield Scott and William Gra- 
ham. 
3'' Free-soil — John P. Hale and George W. 
Julian. 
2' Issue. 

1' The Compromise of 1850. 
12. Franklin Pierce's Administration. One term, 
1853-57. 
1^ Inauguration — Mar. 4, 1853. 
2^ Vice President — William B. King. 
3^ Party in power — Democratic. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1'' The Gadsden Purchase, 1853. 

1^ Reasons for, price, and results. 
2' First treaty with Japan, 1853-54. 



168 American History Outlines and Notes 

1^ Nature and importance of the treaty. 
3' The Ostend Manifesto, 1854. 
1^ Cause. 

l"* Desire of the South for more territory. 
2* The United States attempted to buy 

Cuba and failed. 
3^ The United States ministers to Eng- 
land, France, and Spain met at 
Ostend, Belgium, and declared in 
favor of annexing Cuba to the 
United States. 
2'^ Results. 

1^ European nations opposed the proposi- 
tion. 
4^ Walker's filibustering expeditions to Central 
America, 1853-60. 
r' Causes and results. 
5" The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
1854. ("Squatter's Sovereignty" proposed 
by S. A. Douglas, the Little Giant.) 
1'* Origin and purpose of the Act. 
2'^ Provisions of the Act. 
3'^ Relation to the Missouri Compromise. 
4'' Efifect in the North and in the vSouth. 
5^ Results. 

1* Struggle for Kansas, 1853-61. 

1'' Immigration from slave and free 

territory. 
2' Kansas election in 1855. 

1" Character and results. 
3'' The Topeka Convention. 
4^ Civil war in Kansas. 
5'^ The Lecompton Constitution and 
final results, 1857-59. 
2* Senator Brook's assault upon Senator 
Sumner. 



7he National Period 169 

6^ Organization of the Know-Nothing or Ameri- 
can Party, 1853. 
T Organization of the Republican Party, 1854. 
1^ Origin and principles. 
2^ Constituency and growth. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1'^ The President's cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State — William L. Marcy. 
2^ Secretary of the Treasury — James Guth- 
rie. 
3'^ Secretary of War — Jefferson Davis. 
4^ Secretary of the Navy — James C. Dobbin. 
5^ Secretary of the Interior — Robert Mc- 
Clelland. 
6'^ Postmaster General — James Campbell. 
7'^ Attorney General — Caleb Gushing. 
2" Death of Vice President King. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1"^ Political parties and candidates. 

1'^ Republican — John C. Fremont and Will- 
iam L. Dayton, 
2^ Democratic — James Buchanan and John 

C. Breckinridge. 
3'^ American ("Know Nothing") Millard Fill- 
more and Andrew Jackson. 
2' Issues. 

1'^ Expansion of slavery, 
13, James Buchanan's Administration, One term, 
1857-61. 
1^ Inauguration -Mar, 4, 1857. 
2* Vice President — John C. Breckinridge, 
3' Party in power — Democratic, 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles, 
r' The Dred Scott Case, Mar. 6, 1857, by Chief 
Justice Taney. 



170 American Historv Outlines and Notes 

r* The nature of the case. 

2^ The Supreme Court Decision. 

1* That slaves were not citizens of the 

United States. 
2^ That they could not sue nor be sued in 

the courts. 
3* That they were chattel property. 
4* That the Missouri Compromise and 
the Omnibus Bill were unconstitu- 
tional. 
3'^ Efifect of this decision. 

1* Influence upon the sentiment in the 
North. 
1" It increased and unified sentiment 
agfainst slavery. 
2^ Persona'l-liberty laws were passed by 
several of the northern States. 
2- The Mormon trouble in Utah, 1857. 
3-' financial Panic, 1857. 
1^ Causes. 

V Excessive speculation in western 

lands and railroads. 
2' Successive failures in crops. 
2*^ Event>. 

V Business companies, corporations, 

and establishments failed and 
closed business. 

2'' Large numbers thrown out of em- 
ployment. 

3'- Banks suspend specie payment. 
3* Relief measures. 

1' Restoration of confidence. 

2'^ Economy in enterprise. 

3'^ A change in the currency. 

4'' Time to recover. 
4'- "Helper's Impending Crisis," 1857. 



The Naiiuiial Period 171 

r^ Author. 

2^ Character and influence. of the book. 
5' Lincoln and Douglas debates, 1858. 
r^ Cause. 
2'- Character. 
3-' Results. 
6" John Brown's raid, 1859. 
1'^ Purpose and plans. 

1^ In Kansas. 
2^ Harper's Ferry. 
3^' Effect. 
T The Crittenden Compromise, 1861. 
8- The Morrill Tariff Bill, 1851. 
9-' The Confederate States of America organ- 
ized, Feb. 8, 1861. 
1'' Preliminary causes and influences. 
1"* Election of Lincoln. 
2* Secession of the southern States. 

V' Reasons for seceding- and States 
which seceded. 
2^ The Confederate Convention. 
1^ Date and place. 

r Feb. 4, Montgomery, Ala. 
2^ Measures adopted and ofiicers chosen. 
1" Compare and contrast their con- 
stitution with the constitution of 
the United States. 
3'^ Character of the new government and 
relation of its principles to Protestant- 
ism and Republicanism. 
4'^ Advantage given the confederacy during 
this administration. 
10" A great religious awakening, 1857. 
Events of interest unclassified. 
I' The President's cabinet. 



172 American History Outlines and Notes 

1^ Secretary of State — (a) Lewis Cass, (b) 
J. S. Black. 

2^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Howell 
Cobb, (b) Philip F. Thomas, (c) John 
A. Dix. 

3' Secretary of War— (a) John B. Floyd, (b) 
Joseph Holt. 

4^ Secretary of the Navy — Isaac Toncey. 

5'^ Secretary of the Interior — Jacob Thomp- 
son. 

6^ Postmaster General — (a) Aaron V. 
Brown, (b) Joseph Holt, (c) Horatio 
Kingf. 

7' Attorney General— (a) J. S. Black, (b) E. 
M. Stanton. 
2- Laying of the Atlantic Cable, 1857-58. 
3' Death of William H. Prescott, Rufus 
Choate, Horace Mann, and Washington 
Irving, 1861. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1"' Political parties and candidates. 

I'' Republican — Abraham Lincoln and Han- 
nibal Hamlin. 

T Northern Democrats — Stephen A. Doug- 
las and Herschel V. Johnson. 

3'' Southern Democrats — John C. Breckin- 
ridge and Joseph Lane. 

4'" Constitutional Union — John Bell and 
Edward Everett. 
2'^ Issues. 

1'^ Constitutional right of Congress to pro- 
hibit slavery in the territories. 

2^ Extension of slave territory and "Squat- 
ter's Sovereignty." ("Local Option"). 

3" The Constitution, the Union, and the 
enforcement of law. 



The National Period 173 

Dates of the Secession of the Southern States. 

1. South Carolina, Dec. 10, 1860. 

2. Mississippi, Jan. 9, 1861. 

3. Florida, Jan. 10, 1861. 

4. Alabama, Jan. 11, 1861. 

5. Georgia, Jan. 18, 1861. 

6. Louisiana, Jan. 26, 1861. 

7. Texas, Feb. 1, 1861. 

8. Virginia, April 18, 1861. 

9. Arkansas, May 6, 1861. 

10. Tennessee, May 7, 1861. 

11. North Carolina, May 20, 1861. 

14. Abraham Lincoln's Administration. One term 
and 44 days, 1861-65. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1861. 
2"- Vice President — Hannibal Hamlin. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 

1- The Civil War. 1861-65. (See Special Out- 

line.; 

2- The Sioux Indian War, 1862. 
3' Government finances. 

1'^ Plans for raising money to carry on the 
war. 
1^ A Protective Tariff. 

V The tariff was raised several times 
during 1861. 
2* The sale of United States bonds, 

5— 20's and 10— 40's. 
3^ Interest-bearing treasury notes issued, 

1861. 
4^ Non-interest-bearing, "legal tender" 
notes or greenbacks issued, 1862. 
$300,000,000. 



174 American History Outlines ami Notes 

5* The Bank Act, 1863. 
T'' Its purpose. 
2'' Its importance. 
6* Direct taxes and excises or Internal 
Revenue. 
V A tax placed on manufactured 
articles, trades, occupations, 
carriages, etc. 
2'^ Incomes and salaries were taxed. 
I'' A tax of 5 per cent on the ex- 
cess of $600. 
2^ A tax of 10 per cent on the 
excess of $10,000. 
3'^ A stamp duty on all legal docu- 
ments. 
4'^ Confederate finances. 

1'^ The Confederate war debt was never 
paid. 
5'"^ Emancipation of the slaves. 

r^ Lincoln's slave policy in 1861 as stated in 

his inaugural address. 
2'^ Growth of abolition sentiment in the 

North. 
3'^ Abolition of slavery in the District of 
Columbia, West Virginia, and the Ter- 
ritories. 
4'* Slaves as contraband of war. 
5^ The Emancipation Proclamation. 

1^ Its purpose and on what event depen- 
dent. 
2^ Lincoln's authority to issue. 
3^ Time of making the proclamation, 
4^ Results. 
6" The Reformed Presbyterian Church took the 
initial steps which led to the organization 



'The National Period 175 

of the National Reform Association, Feb. 
3, 1863. 
7" The National Reform Ai^sociation organized, 

Jan. 27, 1864. 
8' Passage of the Homestead x\ct, 1862. 
9' Creation of West Virginia, 1863. 
1^ Constitutionality of the act. 
2'^ Why did not these counties of Virginia 
share the secession sentiment? 
10" Abraham Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 
1865, forty-four days after his second 
inauguration. 
11" Lewis Payne Powell's attack on Secretary 
Seward, April 14, 1865. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified, 
r^ The President's cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State — William H, Seward. 
2'^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Salmon 

P. Chase, (b) W. P. Fressenden. 
3'^ Secretary of War — (a) Simon Cameron, 

(b) E. M. Stanton. 
4'' Secretary of the Navy — Gideon Welles. 
5'^ Secretary of the Interior — (a) Caleb P. 

Smith, (b) John P. Usher. 
6^ Postmaster General — (a) Montgomery 

Blair, (b) William Dennison. 
T Attorney General— (a) Edward Bates, 
(b) Titian J. Coffee, (c) James Speed. 
2^ Death of Stephen A. Douglas, June 3, 1861. 
3" The Gatling gun invented, 1861. 
4" Bureau of Agriculture established, 1862. 
5" First issue of greenbacks, February, 1863. 
6" Free mail delivery in the United States, 

Jan., 1863. 
7" Postal money-order system established, 1864. 
8" Union Pacific Railway begun, 1863. 



176 American History Outlines and Notes 

6^ Presidential campaisfn. (Close of Lincoln's 
first term.) 
1^ Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — Abraham Lincoln and An- 
drew Johnson. 
2'^ Democratic— Georg:e B. McClellan and 
Georg"e H. Pendleton. 
2" Issues. 

1'^ War measures. 



Special Outline 

1. The Civil War, 1861-1865. 

1^ Causes and events leading to the war. 
1^ Slavery — What is its moral influence? 

1^ The beginning of African slavery in 

America, 1619. 
2^ Differences between the North and the 
South among the people and their 
systems of labor. 
1* Responsibility of each section for the 
continuance of slavery. 
3'^ Lack of intercourse between the North 

and the South. 
4^ Ordinance of 1787 and later increase of 

territory. 
5'^ Slavery in the Constitutional Convention. 
6'^ Different constructions placed upon the 

meaning of the constitution. 
7^ Abolition societies. 
8'^ Fugitive slave laws, 1793, 1850. 

1"* Their character and tendency. See 
Testimonies for the Church, Vol, 1. 
page 264. 
9^ Influence of the cotton gin. 



The National Period 177 

10^ Laws restricting the slave trade, 1808, 

1820, 1842. 
11^ Missouri Compromise, 1820. 
12* Annexation of Texas, 1845. 
13' Wilmot Proviso, 1846. 
14' The Omnibus Bill, 1850. 
15' The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. 
16'^ Dred Scott Decision, 1857. 
17' Personal Liberty Bills, 1857-1859. 
18' John Brown's Raid, 1859. 
19' Anti-slavery parties. 
1^ Liberty. 
2' Free- Soil. 
3^ Republican. 
20' Sectional books, papers, and speeches. 
2^ States' Rights Doctrine. 
1' Tariff legislation. 
2' Nullification. 
3' Secession. 
3' The Election of 1860. 

1' Secession of the southern states. 
2^ Strength and preparations for war — the North 
and the South compared and contrasted. 
1" Population and wealth. 
2^ Position, equipment, and supplies. 
3^ Union of sentiment. 
4'^ Ability to manufacture army supplies. 
5^ Railroad and commercial advantages. 
6" Patriotism, bravery, and endurance. 
3^ Causes of weakness in the North. 

1"^ Plans and management of Buchanan's ad- 
ministration. See 1 estiiiwnies^ Vol. 7, 
page 253 . 
1' Location of military stores and supplies. 
2' National troops at remote points. 
2^ False ideas concerning the South. 



178 American History Outlines and Notes 

r^ That the South would not leave the 

Union. 
2'^ That the seceded states would return 

to the Union with apologies. 
3'^ The strengfth of the system of slavery 
was unknown. 
3"' The North was too slow and too forbearing 
to take measures against the South. 
1'' Results — Many joined the Confederacy 
who otherwise would not have done so. 
4-' Object of the war, on the part of the North. 
— Testimonies J'ol. I, page 254; Lincoln's 
First Inaugural Address. 
5' Condition and character of leading men 
in Congress and in the army. 
1'^ Cause of their fears. 
2'^ Days of fasting and prayer. 
3'^ The American spirit and its results. 
4^ Attitude of foreign nations. 
1" Russia. 
2"-' France. 
3' Spain. 
4" England. 

1^ Her ambition. 

T Her fears. 

3^ Her astonishment. 

4^ Influence of the English press. 

5^ Influence of the commercial class. 

6^ The masses of the English people. 

7'* Why did the vSouth expect aid from 

England? 
8' The "Trent Affair," 18G1. 
5' Changes in war policies and purposes of the 
North. 
1'- Causes. 
2"^ Emancipation Proclamation. 



The National Period 179 

3^ Legislative Acts concerning the slaves. 
4^ Lincoln's inaugural address. 
5" Results. 
6^ Fields of operation, or centers and campaigns 
of the war. 
1^ The two natural divisions made by the 
mountains, 
r^ Geography of each section. 
2'^ Lines of fortification and defense. 
T General plan of the war. 
V' On the part of the North. 

1'' To blockade all the southern ports and 
thus prevent the Confederacy from 
securing aid from abroad and from 
transporting supplies from one state to 
another along the coast. 
T To hold the border slave states not yet 

seceded. 
3'^ To open the Mississippi River. Purpose. 
1* To cut the Confederacy in twain. 
2* To prevent the South from using the 
river to transport their armies and 
supplies. 
3^ That the North might more easily 
penetrate the South. 
4'^ To keep a strong army in the region of 
the Potomac for the defense of Wash- 
ington and the capture of Richmond, 
the capital of the Confederacy. 
5'' To make a second division of the Con- 
federacy by capturing a line of fortifi- 
cations from western Kentucky, up the 
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, 
thence through Georgia to the Atlantic 
coast. 
2" On the part of the Confederacy. 



180 Aiuerican History Outlines and Notes 

1'^ Inasmuch as the field of the war was the 

southern states, the Confederacy was 

kept busy in a defensive warfare but 

their plans may be said to include: 

1^ Recognition and aid from foreign 

nations, 
2^ Save Richmond and capture Washing- 
ton. 
3^ Get control of the border slave states. 
4^ Hold control of the Mississippi River. 
5^ Transfer the war to the North. 
8^ Principal battles, campaigns, and officers. 

Union officers' names appear first. Victory indicated by 
initial letter, U. for Union, C. for Confederate, I. foi 
indecisive. 

1'' Fort Sumter, S. C, April 12, 1861. C. 

1^ Anderson — Beauregard. 
2'^ Blockade of the Confederate ports, and naval 
battles. 
1' The blockade ordered, April 19, 1861. 
2^ Capture of Hatter's Inlet, Aug. 29, 1861. 

U. 
3'^ Blockade runners. 

1' The Trent AfYair, Nov., 1861. 
4=^ Capture of Port Royal, S. C, Nov. 27, 

1861. U. 
5^ Battle between the Monitor and the 
Merrimac^ off the coast of Virginia, 
March 9, 1862. U. 
6'^ The Kearsarge sank the Alabama near the 

coast of France, June 19, 1864. U. 
7' Mobile, Ala., taken, Aug. 5, 1864. U. 

1* Land and naval forces united. 
8' Capture of Fort Fisher, Jan. 15, 1865. U. 
3" For control of the border states. 
1' In West Virginia. 

1' Rich Mountain, July 10, 1861. U. 



The National Period 181 

1^ McClellan— Pegram. 
2* Carrick's Ford, July 13, 1861. U. 
1" Morris — Garrett. 
2° In Missouri. 

1* Wilson Creek, Aug. 10, 1861. C. 
V" Lyon— McCulloch. 
3'^ Braggf's invasion of Kentucky. 

1* Kirby vSmith sent to threaten Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. 
2* Battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. U. 
3^ Bragg retreated to Murfreesboro, 
Tenn. 
4^ Bragg's campaign in Tennessee. 

1^ His army reinforced by Johnston and 

Longstreet. 
2^ Battle of Chickamauga, vSept. 19, 20, 
1863. C. 
1^ Rosecrans — Bragg. 
3^ Union army surrounded at Chattanoo- 
ga. 
4* Grant, Sherman, and Hooker arrive 
with reinforcements. Grant takes 
command, Oct. 23. 
5* Siege of Chattanooga. 

P Battle of Orchard Knob, Nov. 23, 

1863. U. 
2" Battle of Lookout Mountain, ("Bat- 
tle above the clouds"), Nov. 24, 
1863. U. 
1** Hooker — Bragg. 
3'^ Battle of Missionary Ridge, Nov. 
25, 1863. U. 
6^ Bragg retreats to the south. 
4"^ Efforts to transfer the war to the North. 
1^ Lee's first invasion of the North. 



182 American History Outlines and Notes 

1* Battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 
1862. C. 
1' Banks— Lee. 
2' Battle of Bull Run, Aug. 29, 30, 1862. 
C. 
V' Pope — Lee. 
3^ South Mountain Pass, Sept. 14, 1862. 

U. 
4* Harper's Ferry taken by Jackson, 

Sept. 14, 1862. C. 
5^ Battle of Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 
1862. U. 
r McClellan— Lee. 
2" Results. 

I'' Lee's retreat. 
2" Emancipation Proclamation, 
6^ Battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 31, 
1862. C. 
1" Burnside — Lee. 
2^ Lee's second invasion of the North. 
1* March down the Shenandoah valley. 
2' Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-4, 1863. 
U. 
1^ Meade, the successor of Hooker — 
Lee. 
3'' Morgan's raid in Ohio and Indiana, July, 
1863. 
1^ At first successful, then captured. 
4'* Ouantrell's raid in Kansas, August, 1863. 
C. 
5'^ For the opening of the Mississippi River. 
(The first dividing of the Confederacy.) 
1' Island No. 10, April 7, 1862. U. 

1^ Foote and Pope — Makall. 
2' Battle of New Orleans, April 28, 1862. 
U. 



The National Period 183 

1^ Farragut — Lovel and Duncan. 
3' Capture of Fort Pillow, April 13, 1862. 
C. 
1^ Forrest — Bradford. 

2^ Retaken by the Union army, May 10, 
1862. U. 
4^ Memphis taken by Colonel Fitch, June 6, 

1862. U. 
5^ Attack upon Vicksburgf, Dec. 28, 1862. 
C. 
1* Sherman and Grant — Pemberton. 
6^* Grierson's cavalry raid from Lagrange, 
Tennessee to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 
April 17 to May 2, 1863. U. 
7^ Battle of Port Gibson, May 1, 1863. U. 

1^ Porter — Bowen. 
8' Battle of Raymond, May 9, 1863. U. 

1* McPherson — Gregg. 
9' Battle of Jackson, Miss., May 12, 1863. 
U. 
1* McPherson — Johnston. 
10' Battle of Champion Hills, May 16, 1863. 
U. 
1^ Hovey and Crocker of McPherson's 
army — Tilghman. 
11^ Siege of Vicksburg, six weeks. May 19 
to July 4, 1863. U. 
1* Grant — Pemberton. 
12^ Unsuccessful attempts to take Port 
Hudson, April 12 to June 14, 1863. C. 
1^ Banks — Gardner. 
13'^ Unconditional surrender of Port Hudson, 
July 8, 1863. U. 
1* Banks — Gardner. 
6" For the defense of Washington and the cap- 
ture of Richmond. 



184 American History Outlines and Notes 

r Riot in Baltimore, April 19, 1861. (First 

bloodshed of the war.) 
2^ Union troops occupy Alexandria and 

Arlington Heights, May 23, 1861. 
3' Battle of Bull Run, July 12, 1861. C. 
1^ McDowell — Beauregard. 
2' Effects. 

1'' Aroused the North. 
2'^ Filled the South with hope and 
courage. 
4' Yorktown taken. May 3, 1862. U. 
5' Battle of Williamsburg, May 4, 1862. U. 
6^ Battle of Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, 
May 31, 1862. U. 
1* McClellan— Johnston. 
T "Stonewall" Jackson's raid in the Shen- 
andoah Valley. C. 
1* Battle of Winchester, March 22, 1862. 
C. 
8'^ Stuart's cavalry raid around McClellan. 
9=' Seven Days' Battle, June 26, to July 1, 
1862. I. 
1' McClellan— Lee. 

2* Battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, U. 
3' Battle of Gaines's Mill, June 27, 1862. 

C. 
4^ Battle of Savage Station, June 30, 

1862. I. 
5^ Battle of Glendale, or Frazier's Farm, 

June 30. I. 
6* Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862. 
U. 
10'^ McClellan withdrew to Harrison's 

Landing. 
IP Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1-4, 
1862. L 



The National Period 185 

1^ Hooker— Lee. 
12^ Grant's Campaign against Richmond. 
1* Battle of the Wilderness, May 5-7, 
1864. I. 
V' Grant — Lee. 
2* Spottsylvania Court House, May 8-12, 
186L L 
1' Grant — Lee, 
3^ Battle of Cold Harbor, June 1-3, 1864. 
L 
1' Grant — Lee. 
4* Attack upon Petersburg, June 18-30, 
1864. C. 
V Petersburg Mine. 
5* Battle of Steadman, Aug. 18, 1864. U. 
V' Grant — Lee. 
13-' Early's campaign, 1864, planned by Lee 
to threaten Washington in order to 
save Richmond. 
1^ "Sheridan's Ride." 
2^ Battle of Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864. 
U. 
1-' Sheridan— Early. 
3' Battle of Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864. 
U. 
r Sheridan— Early. 
4^ Early totally defeated at Waynesboro, 
March 2, 1865. U. 
V' vSheridan— Early. 
5* Sheridan joined Grant's army, March 
16, 1865. 
1' Campaign through the southern states. (The 
second dividing of the Confederacy.) 
1' Capture of Fort Henry by Grant, Feb, 6, 
1862. U. 



186 American Hhtury Outlines aiid Notes 

V Surrender of Fort Donelson, Feb. 6, 1862. 
U. 
1^ Grant — Floyd. 
2' Results. 

1'' Bowling- Green and Columbus 

evacuated. U. 
1' Union troops occupy Nashville. 
3'^ Batttle of Shiloh or Pittsburg- Landing, 
April 6, 7, 1862. U. 
1"* Grant — Johnston. 
4' Battle of Corinth, May 30, 1862. U. 
5' Battle of luka, Sept. 9, 1862. U. 
6'^ Sherman supesedes Grant in the West, 

March 12, 1864. 
If; Sherman's campaign. 

1^ Advance toward Atlanta, May 15 to 
July. 
V' Battle of Resaca. U. 
2-' Battle of Dallas. U. 
3' Battle of Kenesaw Mountain. U, 
2^ Hood superseded Johnston, July 17, 

1864. 
3^ Battles around Atlanta. 

1" Hood makes three determined 
attacks upon Sherman, July 20, 
22, 28, 1864. U. 
4* Siege of Atlanta, July 28 to Sept. 2, 

1861. U. 
5^ Sherman entered Atlanta, Sept. 2. 
6^ Hood's march to Nashville. General 
Thomas sent after him. 
V' Battle of Franklin Nov. 30, 1864. 

U. 
T Hood driven out of Nashville, Dec. 
16, 1864. U. 
7^ Sherman's "March to the Sea." 



7he National Period 187 

1' Purpose. 

2" Capture of Fort McAllister. U. 
3" Savannah taken. 
8' Closing- campaigns of the war. 

1^ Grant takes Richmond and forces Lee to 
surrender. 
1' Battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865. 

U. 
2* Lee abandons Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, Apr. 3. 
4^ Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomat- 
tox Court House, April 9, 1865. 
2^ Sherman's campaign through the Caro- 
linas. 
1^ Columbia taken. U. 
2* Charleston evacuated, Feb. 17, 1865. 

U. 
3' Battle of Bentonville, March 9, 1865. 

U. 
4* Battle of Raleigh, April 13, 1865. U. 
5^ Johnston surrendered to Sherman, 
April 28, 1865. 
9^ Results of the War. 
X^ Good results. 

1^ The Union was preserved a single nation. 
t^ The right of the states to secede was 

disproved. 
3' Slavery abolished, nearly 4,000,000 slaves 
emancipated. 
2"-' Evii results. 

a* More than 1,000,000 men killed or 

wounded. 
T A war debt of about $2,750,000,000 was 

created. 
,3' The amount of personal property de- 
,si:.royed is beyond estimate. 



188 American History Outlines and Notes 

4'' No pen has ever pictured the suffering 
on the part of the wives and children 
v/ho kept the homes while their loved 
ones were in the war. 
5^ The influence of gfreedy and disappointed 
politicians both North and South who 
took advantagfe of the ignorance of the 
freed-men and of the general condition 
of the South for personal profit. 
15. Andrew Johnson's Administration. — One term 
less 44 days, 1865-69. 
1^ Inauguration — April 15, 1865. 
2^ Vice President — None. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1' President Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation, 
May 29, 1865. 
1^ Unconditional pardon granted to all 
participants in the rebellion except 
leaders. Effective Sept. 7, 1865. 
2' The Thirteenth Amendment to the national 

constitution adopted, Dec. 18, 1865. 
3" The President's Reconstruction Policy. 

T' The President held that the seceded 

States were not out of the Union. 
2'^ Provisional or temporary governors 
should be appointed to call conventions 
of delegates elected by white people. 
3'^ These conventions were to 

1^ Repeal their ordinances of secession. 
2^ Repudiate the Confederate debt. 
3^ Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. 
4^ Compliance with these requirements 
should give full political rights. 
4' The Reconstruction Policy of Congress. 



The National Period 189 

1^ Congress held that the seceded states 

were out of the Union. 
2° Military governors should be placed over 
the seceded states, these governors 
to call conventions to form new state 
governments. 
3"^ Power to vote for delegates to these 
conventions should be given to freed- 
men but not to leading Confederates. 
4^ The States should declare void their 

Confederate debt. 
5'^ The new state governments should allow 
freedmen to vote and ratify the Consti- 
tutional Amendments with respect to 
the freedman. 
6' Congress passed its Reconstruction Act 
over the President's veto. 
5' Freedmen's Bureau established, Feb., 1866. 
6- Civil Rights Bill passed over President's 

veto, April, 1866. 
7"^ The Tenure-of-Office Act, and Impeachment 
of the President, 1867-8. 
V Reasons for. 

1^ The President had removed from 
office many officials not favorable 
to his policy. 
2:^ Provisions of. 

1* It provided that offices fiilled by ap- 
pointment of the President with the 
concurrence of the Senate could not 
be vacated by President without the 
consent of the Senate. 
3' Results. 

1^ When the President removed Secre- 
tary Stanton from his position in the 
Cabinet, the House of Representa- 



190 American History Oiitli7ies and Notes 

tives impeached him before the bar 
of the Senate. 
2* Result of the impeachment trial. 

1^ The Senate acquitted Johnson by 
a vote of 35 for conviction and 19 
for acquittal. 
3' The law was repealed, May 18, 1868. 
8"^ Bureau of Education established, 1867. 
Q""' The purchase of Alaska from Russia for 
$7,200,000, 1867. 
1'^ Reasons for the purchase. 
10"^ The Fourteenth Amendment to the national 

constitution adopted, 1868. 
11"^ The "carpet bag" g-overnment and the 

"iron-clad oath." 
12''^ Organization of the Ku-Klux-Klan, 1868. 
13'-^ The Burlington Treaty with China, 1868. 
14"'^ The French in Mexico. 

r^ Action of the United States — the Monroe 
Doctrine. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1'^ The President's cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State— Wm. H. Seward. 

2'^ Secretary of the Treasury— Hugh Mc- 

Cullock. 
3=^ Secretary of War— (a) E. M. Stanton, (b) 
U. S. Grant, (c) E. M. Stanton, (d) 
J. M. Schofield. 
4'^ Secretary of the Navy— Gideon Welles. 
5'^ Secretary of the Interior — (a) J. P. Usher, 
(b) James Harlan, (c) O. H. Browning. 
6'^ Postmaster-General — (a) Wm. Dennison, 

(b) A. W. Randall. 
7'^ Attorney General— (a) James Speed, (b) 
(b) Henry Stanberry, (c) O. H. Brown- 
ing, (d) W. M. Evarts. 



The National Period 191 

2' Capture and punishment of the Lincoln 
assassins, 
r^ John Wilkes Booth shot by Boston Cor- 

bett, April 26, 1865. 
T Mrs. Mary Surratt, D. E. Harrold, George 
A. Atzerott, and Powell were tried atid 
executed. 
2" Capture of Jefferson Davis, May 11, 1865. 
r^ It was at first supposed that Davis and 
a number of the leading Confederates 
were implicated in the assassination 
plot. President Johnson offered $100,- 
000 for the capture of Davis. 
2'^ He was kept a prisoner at Fortress Mon- 
roe for two years. 
3^ He was charged with treason, but never 

tried. 
4=' He died at New Orleans, Dec. 6, 1889. 
4' Atlantic Cable was laid, 1866. 
5" The completion of the Pacific Railroad, 
1869. 
6^ The Presidential campaign. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — Ulysses S. Grant and 

Schuyler Colfax. 
2^ Democratic — Horatio Sei^mour and Fran- 
cis P. Blair. 
2- Issues. 

r^ Negro suffrage and relations with the 
seceded states. 
16. Ulysses S, Grant's Administration. Two terms, 
1869-77. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1869. 

2^ Vice President — (a) wSchuyler Colfax, (b) Henry 
Wilson. 



192 American History Outlines and Notes 

3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having: an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1" The ratification of the Fifteenth Amend- 
ment, 1870. 
2'~ Attempt to annex San Domingo to the 
United States, 1870. 
1' Commissioners were appointed by the 
President to make investigation and 
report on the advisability of annexing 
the island. The Commission and the 
President favored annexation, but the 
Senate rejected the proposition. 
3' The Treaty of Washington. 1871. 
1'' Causes. 

V The dispute over the fisheries and the 

water boundary on the northwest. 
2^ The United States claimed damages 
from war vessels built in England 
for the Confederate States (The 
Alabama claims). 
2'' Provisions. 

1^ The boundary dispute was referred to 
the Emperor of Germany, who de- 
cided in favor of the United States. 
2^ The "Alabama Claims" were referred 
to five arbitrators, one each from 
England, United States, Italy, Bra- 
zil, and Switerland. This commis- 
sion, called the Geneva Arbitration 
or Tribunal, met at Geneva, 1872, 
and by a vote of 4 to 1 agreed that 
Great Britain should pay the 
United States $15,500,000.00. 
3^ The question of damages done by the 
United States to the British fisheries 



The National Period 193 

was settled by three arbitrators, 
one appointed by the President, one 
by the Queen, and a third by the 
Austrian ambassador at the court of 
St. James. The United States paid 
$5,500,000.00. 
4'- The Credit Mobilier investigation, 1872. 

r The Credit Mobilier was a joint stock 
company, organized for the construction 
of public works. The Union Pacific 
Railroad was built by this Company. 
With large grants of land from Con- 
gress and "watered" stock the com- 
pany paid enormous dividends to the 
stockholders. In 1872 a lawsuit in 
Pennsylvania developed the fact that 
much of the stock was owned by 
members of Congress. Congress 
ordered an investigation which re- 
sulted in the censure of James Brooks 
and Oakes Ames. 
5'^ Demonetization of silver, 1873. 
6-' Financial panic, 1873-1879. 
1" Causes. 

1* Fabulous prices caused by war. 
2^ Extravagance in speculation. 
3* Uncertain conditions of monetary 
affairs. 
2^ Events. 

1^ Business failures in every section. 
2* Reduction of wages. 
3* Strikes and labor trouble. 
3^ Relief measures. 

1* Repeal of the Bankruptcy Act. 
2* Passage of the Specie Resumption 
Act, 1875. 



194 American History Outlines and Notes 

V' Went into effect Jan. 1, 1879, 
3^ It required time, business confidence, 
economy, and industry. 
T Civil Service Reform Bill or Salary Act, 

1873. 
8'^ The Cuban question — Trouble with vSpain, 

1873. 
9' Organization of the W. C. T. U. at Cleveland, 

Ohio, Nov. 18-20, 1874. 
10"' Joint High Commission or Electoral Com- 
mission, 1877. 
1^ Because of double returns from Oregon, 
South Carolina, and Louisiana, both 
Democrats and Republicans claimed the 
election of President. 
2s The contest was referred to 5 Senators, 5 
Representatives, and 5 Supreme Court 
Judges. Of this Commission of fifteen, 
seven were Republicans, seven Demo- 
crats, and one independent. 
3'^ Eight members voted to count the elect- 
oral vote for Hayes, and seven for 
Tilden. The result was announced 
March 2, 1877. 
11" Indian troubles. 

r The Modoc Indian War, 1873. 
r The Sioux Indian War, 1876-77. 

1^ The massacre of General Custer and 
his men. 
12"^ Rival governments in Louisiana, 1874, 1875. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1'^ The President's Cabinet. 

1'' Secretary of State — (a) E. B. Washburn, 

(b) Hamilton Fish. 
2'' Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Geo. S. 



The National Period 195 

Boutwell, (b) W. A. Richardson, (d) 
Lot M. Morrill. 
3'^ Secretary of War — (a) John A. Rowlins, 
(b) Wm. T. Sherman, (c) W. W. Bel- 
knap, (d) Alphonso Taft, (e) J. D. 
Cameron. 
4^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) Adolph 

Borie, (b) George M. Robeson. 
5' Secretary of the Interior — (a) Jacob D. 
Cox, (b) Columbus Delano, (c) Zach- 
ariah Chandler. 
6'^ Postmaster General — (a) J. A. J. Cres- 
well, (b) Marshall Jewell, (c) James 
M. Tyner. 
7-^Attorney General— (a) E. R. Hoar, (b) 
Amos T. Akerman, (c) Georgfe H. Wil- 
liams, (d) Edward Pierrepont, (e) 
Alphonso Taft. 
2^ The Chicago fire, 1871; and Boston fire, 1872. 
3^ The invention of the telephone, 1873-7. 
4" The Centennial Exposition, 1876. 
5" Simultaneous invention of the telephone by 

Mr. Bell and Mr. Gray, 1876. 
6' The Ring Robberies in New York and other 

cities. 
7' International Bridge opened at Niagara Falls, 

1873. 
8"'^ Death of prominent men. 
1' Edwin M. Stanton, 1869. 
2' David G. Farragut, 1870. 
3' Robert E. Lee, 1870. 
4^ Samuel F. B. Morse, 1872. 
5^' Willian H. Seward, 1872. 
6' George G. Meade, 1872. 
T Horace Greeley, 1872. 
8' Salmon B. Chase, 1873 



196 American History Outlines ami Notes 

9' Chas. Sumner, 1874. 
10^ Andrew Johnson, 1875. 
ir' Henry Wilson, 1875. 
6^ Presidential Campaign. 

1"^ Political parties and candidates. 

1'^ Republican — R. B. Hayes and Wm. 

Wheeler. 
2^ Democratic — Samuel J. Tilden and Thos. 

A. Hendricks. 
3^ Greenback — Peter Cooper and Samuel T. 

Carey. 
4' Prohibition— G. C. Smith and R. G. 
Stewart. 
5' Issues. 

1^ The Southern policy. 
2' Resumption of specie payments. 
3^ Reform in public service. 
17. Rutherford B. Hayes's Administration. One 
term, 1877-1881. 
1^ Inaugfuration— March 5, 1877. 
2^ Vice President — William A. Wheeler. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having- an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles 
r-^ Railroad Strikes, 1877. 

1^ Cause and extent — Reduction of wages. 
It extended from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. 
2'^ Events and Results. 

1^ Railroad property of all kinds burned 

and destroyed. 
2^ A hundred lives lost. 
3^ United States troops sent to quell the 

riots. 
4* The strikers lost. 
2' Financial Problems. 



The National Period 197 

r The Bland— Allison Act, 1877— Remone- 
tization of silver. 
1* Provisions. 

1'' Secretary of the Treasury was re- 
quired to coin not less than 
2,000,000 nor more than 4,000,000 
silver dollars per month of 412J 
gr. each. 
2" Silver certificates were issued to 
circulate in place of the silver 
dollars, which were deposited in 
the Uuited States Treasury. 
2' Results. 

V $378,166,793 were coined under this 

act. 
2- This law was repealed in 1890 by 
the Sherman Act. 
2'^ The resumption of specie payments, Jan. 
1, 1879. 
3" Civil Service Reform, 1877. 
4'' The Neg-ro Exodus, 1879. 

5" Conflict between the President and Con- 
gress. 
1^ Character of. 

2^ The President's vetoes — his reasons. 
6' Treaty with China, 1880. 

7' Rival g-overnments in South Carolina and 
Georgia, 1877. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1"' The President's Cabinet. 

1^ Secretary of State — William M. Evarts. 
2'^ Secretary of the Treasury — John vSher- 

man. 
3'' Secretary of War — (a) George W. Mc- 
Crary, (b) Alexander Ramsey. 



198 American History Outlines and Notes 

4'^ Secretary of the Navy— (a) R. W. 

Thompson, (b) Nathan Goff, Jr. 
5'^ Secretary of the Interior— Carl Schurz. 
6'^ Postmaster-General — (a) David M. Key, 

(b) Horace Maynard. 
7'' Attorney General — Charles Devens. 
2" Invention of phonog^raph, 1877. 
3" United States troops withdrawn from the 

South, 1877. 
4"- Invention of electric lights, 1879. 
5'- Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle 

org^anized, 1878. 
6"'' Universal Postal Union established, 1878. 
7" Grant's tour around the world, 1879. 
8"^ Death of William Cullen Bryant, June 12, 
1878. 
6' Presidential campaign. 

1'^ Political parties and candidates. 

I''' Republican — James A. Garfield and 

Chester A. Arthur. 
2'^ Democratic — Winfield S. Hancock and 

Wm. H. English. 
3'' Greenback — Jas. B. Weaver and E. J. 

Chambers. 
4^ Prohibition — Neal Dow and H. A. Thomp- 
son. 
2^ Issues. 

V' Tariff for protection or for revenue. 
2^ Chinese immigration. 

3^ Centralization or non-centralization of 
government. 
18. James A. Garfield's and Chester A. Arthur's 
Administration. One term, 1881-1885. 
1' Inauguration— March 4, 1881. 
2' Vice President — Chester A. Arthur, 7 months 14 
days. 



The National Period 199 

3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having- an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1" Investigfation of the Star Route Frauds, 

1881. 
2" The Chinese Bill, 1882. 

V' Chinese importation was prohibited for 
ten years. 
3' Tariff Act of 1883— Compromise Bill. 

1' The receipts of the government were 
so large as to greatly augment its sur- 
plus. 
1° This bill was a measure intended to 

reduce the income of the nation. 
3' It did not reduce the revenue as much as 
expected and led to the introduction of 
the Morrison "Horizontal Bill" of 1884, 
which was defeated. 
4" Pendleton's Civil Service Reform, 1883. 
5' The Edmunds Anti-polygamy Bill of 1882. 
6' The W. C. T. U. incorporated in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 1883, and two years later became 
allied with the National Reform Associa- 
tion. See "Facts for the Times," p. 167. 
T The Revised New Testament published in 
England, America, and Australia, May 20, 
1881. 
1^ 1,000,000 copies sold the day of publica- 
tion. 
8' Revised Old Testament issued. May, 1885. 
r^ The Revised Bible is the work of 52 Eng- 
lish and 27 American scholars. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified, 
r' The President's cabinet. 

I'' Secretary of State— (a) Jas. G. Blaine, 
(b) F. T. Frelinghuysen. 



200 American History Outlines and Notes 

T Secretary of the Treasury — (a) William 

H. Windom, (b) Chas. J. Folger. 
3^ Secretary of War — Robert T. Lincoln. 
4^^ Secretary of the Navy— (a) W. H. Hunt. 

(b) Wm. E. Chandler. 
5^ Secretary of the Interior,, (a) vS. J. Kirk- 
wood, (b) Henry M. Teller. 
6^ Attorney General — (a) Wayne McVeagh, 

(b) Beni. H. Brewster. 
T Postmaster-General — (a) Thomas L. 
James, (b) T. O. Howe, (c) W. O. 
Gresham, (d) Frank Hatton. 
2"- Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, Georgia, 1881. 
3" Centennial celebration at Yorktown, Vir- 
ginia, 1881. 
4'^ Assassination of President Garfield by Chas. 
Guiteau, July 2, 1881. 
1' Garfield died September 19, 1881. 
2^ Guiteau tried and executed, 1882. 
3^ Chester A. Arthur took the oath of office 
in New York Sept. 20, 1881, was formal- 
ly inaugurated, Sept. 22. 
5" Death of Henry W. Longfellow and Ralph 

Waldo Emerson, 1882. 
^^ The Red Cross Association organized, 1882. 
7" Brooklyn Bridge completed, 1882. 
S-^ North Pacific Railroad completed, 1883. 
^^ Letter postage reduced to two cents, 1883. 
10' Standard Time adopted, 1883. 

r^ Eastern is the local time for meridian of 

75". 
1' Central, of 90". 
3"^ Mountain, of 105". 
4=^ Pacific, of 120". 
IP Riots in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1884. 
1^ About 100 lives lost. 



The National Period 201 

12-' Washing-ton Monument completed, 1885 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1' Political parties and candidates. 
1'^ Republican — James G. Blaine. 
2^ Democratic — Grover Cleveland and Thos. 

A. Hendricks. 
3^ Prohibition — John P. St. John and Wm. 

Daniel. 
4^* Greenback Labor — Benj. F. Butler and 
H. M. West. 
2" Issues. 

1^ Civil Service Reform. 
2' Tariff Reform. 
19. Grover Cleveland's first Administration. One 
term, 1885-1889. 
1^ Inauguration, March 4, 1885. 
2^ Vice President — Thomas A. Hendricks, 8 

months 21 days. 
3^ Party in power — Democratic. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1" Labor troubles, 1886. 
1'' Railroad strikes. 
2' Hay Market Riot in Chicago — Anarchist 

riots. 
3' Labor organizations — Knights of Labor. 
1* Cause and purpose. 
2^ Results — Boycott. 
2' The Presidential vSuccession Bill, 1886. 

1^ Provisions — The bill provided that in 
case of death, resignation, or inability 
of the Vice President the order of suc- 
cession shall be 
1^ Secretary of State. 
2^ Secretary of the Treasury. 
3^ Secretary of War. 



202 American History Outlines and Notes 

4^ Attorney (leneral. 
5^ Postmaster General. 
6^ Secretary of the Navy. 
7* Secretary of the Interior. 
8^ Secretary of Ag-riculture. 
3^ Oklahoma, a portion of the Indian Territory, 
ceded by the Indians to the Government, 
1885. 
4'' The Electoral Count Bill, 1887. 
5" The Inter-state Commerce Bill, 1887. 
1^ Reasons for the Act. 
2'^ Importance and results. 
6"^ Chinese Immigration Act, 1888. 
T International Association of Y. W. C. A. 

formed, 1886. 
8'^ The Blair Sunday Bill introduced into Con- 
gress, 1888. 
9" The American Sabbath Union organized in 
New York City by the Methodist church, 
1888. 
10' The government's surplus and the tariff. 

1' The Mills Free Trade Bill. 
11- The Contract Labor Act passed, 1887. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1" The President's cabinet. 

1^ The Secretary of State— Thomas F. Bay- 
ard. 
2^ Secretary of the Treasury— (a) Daniel 

E. Manning, (b) Chas. S. Fairchild. 
3'^ Secretary of War, W. C. Endicott. 
4'^ Secretary of the Navy — W. C. Whitney. 
5'' Secretary of the Interior — (a) L. O. C. 

Lamar, (b) Wm. F. Vilas. 
6'^ Attorney General — A. H. Garland. 
T Postmaster General— (a) Wm. F. Vilas, 
(b) Don M. Dickinson. 



The National Period 203 

8'^ Secretary of Agriculture— N. J. Colman. 
2^ The New Orleans Cotton Exposition, 1885. 
3' Death of Vice President Hendricks, Nov. 25, 
1885. 
r Fifth Vice President to die while holding: 
office. 
4' Natural gas first used for light and fuel, 

1885. 
5' Erection of Bartholdi statue "Liberty En- 
lightening the World," at New York Har- 
bor, 1886. 
1^ Object. 

2^ Largest work of the kind ever completed. 
I^ Forefinger, 8 feet long. 
2^ Nose, 3 feet 8 inches. 
3* Eyes, 2 feet U inches wide. 
4^ Forty persons can stand in its head. 
6- Department of Agriculture created, 1888. 
7'^ Death of prominent men. 
1^ U. S. Grant, 1885. 
9' Geo. B. McClellan, 1885. 
3' Samuel J. Tilden, 1886. 
4^ Chester A. Arthur, 1886. 
5*^ Horatio Seymour, 1886. 
6^ John A. Logan, 1886. 
T Henry Ward Beecher, 1887. 
8^ Louisa M. Alcott, 1888. 
9^ Chief Justice Waite, 1888. 
10' Philip H. Sheridan, 1888. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — Benjamin Harrison and 

Levi P. Morton. 
2' Democratic— Grover Cleveland and Allen 
G. Thurman. 



204 American History Outlines and Notes 

3^ Prohibition — Clinton B. Fiske and John 

A. Brooks. 
4' United Labor — Robert H. Cowdrey and 

W. H. T. Wakefield. 
5^ Union Labor — A. J. Streeter and C. E. 

Cunningham. 
6' Equal Rights — Belva A. Lockwood and 
Alfred H. Love. 
2^ Issues. 

r' The Democrats and Republicans make 
tariff the principal issue. 
20. Benjamin Harrison's Administration. One term, 
1889-1893. 
1^ Inauguration— March 4, 1889. 
2^ Vice President — Levi P. Morton. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1' Oklahoma opened for settlement, April 22, 

1889. 
2"' Samoan Difficulty, 1888-89. 

1"' A revolution occurred under Tamasese. 
2^ America sided with the King, Malietoa; 
Germany sided with the Revolutionists. 
3'^ Thus the United States and Germany 
were brought into conflict. Both na- 
tions sent war vessels to Samoa. 
4'^ England joined the United States for the 
support of the king and negotiations 
were entered into with Germany where- 
by the trouble was settled and Malie- 
toa was restored to the throne. 
3^ The Pan-American Congress met at Wash- 
ington, 1889-90. 
1' Sixty-six members representing seven- 
teen American republics. 



The National Period 205 

3'^ Purpose. 

1* It was designed to promote commer- 
cial intercourse amongf the countries 
of North and South America. 
2^ To encourage arbitration. 
3-' Results. 

1^ Arbitration adopted as the principle 
of American international law. 
4" Passage of the Dependent Pension Bill, 

1890. 
5' The Sherman Silver Purchase Act, July 14. 
1890. 
r^ Provisions and Results. 

1^ The Bill authorized the Secretary 
of the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 
ounces of silver per month at market 
value, to be stored as bullion in the 
treasury at Washington. 
2* Legal-tender treasury notes were 

issued in payment of the silver. 
4' After the purchase of 168,674,682 
ounces of silver, the Sherman Act 
was repealed Xov. 1, 1893. 
6- The McKinley Tariff Bill, 1890. 

1'^ It was a protection to American in- 
dustries. 
2' vSugar and some other articles were 

placed on the free list. 
3'' It reduced the rate on some articles and 

increased it on many others. 
4'" It contained a reciprocity clause. 
1* Define reciprocity. 
7' Movements toward a union of Church and 
State. 
1"' Sunday Bill for the District of Columbia, 
1890. 



206 American History Outlines and Notes 

V To protect persons from forced work 
on Sunday. 
2^ Dictum from the Supreme Court. "This 

is a Christian Nation", 1892. 
3^ Sunday Bill for the District of Columbia, 
1892. 
2^ To prevent the delivery of ice on Sun- 
day. 
4^ Bill for closing: the Columbian Exposition 
on Sunday, 1892. 
8'^ Diflficulty with foreign powers. 
1^ Italy, 1891. 
1^ Causes. 

1^ A band of Italian Mafia killed 
the chief of police of New Or- 
leans. 
2'' The jurors acquitted the murderers 
whereupon a mob broke into the 
jail and lynched eleven. It then 
became an international affair. 
2' Results. 

1'' The United States paid the fami- 
lies of the lynched men for their 
losses. 
2' Chile, 1891. 

1^ Two U. S. Sailors killed on the streets 
of Valparaiso. 
3'^ England — Bering Sea Trouble, 1891. 

1^ Causes (See Cleveland's second 

term, 1893.) 
2' Results. 

1'' Both England and America agreed 
to unite to prevent seal-killing in 
Bering Sea until the question 
could be finally settled by treaty. 



77/6' National Period 207 

It was settled by arbitration in 
August, 1893. 
9"- Chinese Exclusion re-enacted, 1893. 
10' Homestead Labor Trouble near Pittsburg, 

Pa., 1892. 
11' Ballot Reform. 

1^ The need of reform. 

2^ The Australian Ballot with various modi- 
fications adopted by 37 states, 1889-92. 
12' Efforts to annex Hawaii, 1893. 

1^ Annexation proposition sent to the Sen- 
ate by Harrison, February 15. 
T The Senate failed to act until Cleveland's 
inauguration. On March 6 Cleveland 
withdrew the proposition. 
13' Rules in the House of Representatives, 
1889-90. 
1^ "Filibustering" in Congress. 
2' "Reed's rules." 
Events of interest unclassified. 
2' The President's cabinet. 

1^ Secretary of State— (a) James G. Blaine, 

(b)John W. Foster. 
2'' Secretary of the Treasury— (a) William 

Windom, (b) Charles Foster. 
3^ Secretary of War— (a) Redfield Procter, 

(b) Stephen B. Elkins. 
4'^ Secretary of the Navy — Benjamin F. 

Tracy. 
5^ Secretary of Interior— John W. Noble. 
6-' Attorney General— W. H. H. Miller. 
7^ Postmaster General — John Wanamaker. 
8^ Secretary of Agriculture — Jeremiah 
Rusk. 
2- The Washington Centennial, April 30, 1889. 



208 American History Outlines and Notes 

r' Patriotic orations and exercises through- 
out the United States. 
2^ President Harrison sat in Washington's 
pew in St. Paul's Church, New York 
City. 
3" The Johnstown Disaster or Conemaugh 

Valley Horror, May 31, 1889. 
r^ The heavy Spring rains caused a large 
dam to break. A volume of water forty 
feet high rushed down the narrow val- 
ley. The manufacturing city of be- 
tween 2,000 and 3,000 inhabitants 
washed away and nearly all the people 
drowned. Ten million dollars worth of 
property was destroyed. 
4' Mary Bisland ("Nelly Ely") journeyed 

around the world in eighty days, 1890. 
5" Anti-Trust and Anti-Lottery Bills passed. 
6' Gentiles carried the election in Salt Lake 

City, 1890. 
6" The Panama Scandal, 1892. 
8"' Death of prominent men. 
r John C. Fremont, 1890. 
2' George Bancroft, 1891. 
3' William T. Sherman, 1891. 
4'^ James Russell Lowell, 1891. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

V' Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — Benjamin Harrison and 

Whitelaw Reid. 
2^ Democratic — Grover Cleveland and Adlai 

Stevenson. 
3'^ Prohibition — John Bidwell and J. B. Cran- 

fill. 
4^ People's Party — James B. Weaver and 
James G. Field. 



7he National Period 209 

2^ Issues. 

1^ The Tariff was the chief issue between 
the Democrats and Republicans. 
12. Grover Cleveland's second Administration. One 
term, 1893-1897. 
1^ Inaugfuration— March 4, 1893. 
2^ Vice President — A. E. Stevenson. 
3^ Party in power — Democratic. 
4^ Events having an influence on Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1"^ Columbian World's Fair held in Chicago, 
1893. 
1^ May 1 to Oct. 31. Open 157 week days 

and 22 Sundays. Closed 5 Sundays. 
2' Object. 
3^^ Floor space. 

1^ Total 240 Acres. 

2^ Largest building, Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts building, 44 acres floor 
space. 
4' Total admissions— 27,529,400. 
2^ Hawaiian Rebellion. 

1^ Natives rebelled, and overthrew the 

government under Queen Liliuokalini. 

2^ They applied for annexation to the United 

States. 
3^ President Harrison's Hawaiian policy. 
4^ President Cleveland's Hawaiian policy. 
5^ Action of the Senate. 
6'* Hawaii became a republic, July 4, 1894. 
7^ In August, 1894, the United States recog- 
nized the new Republic. 
3"' Bering Sea Controversy settled, August, 
1893. 
V' Canadian and British vessels were exter 
minating the seals in Bering Sea. 



210 American History Outlines and Notes 

T The United States seized their vessels 

and confiscated them. 
3^ The British government remonstrated. 
4'^ The difficulty was settled by arbitration. 
5' The seven arbitrators met at Paris. Both 
nations agreed (a) to close the season 
from May 1, to July 2, (b) to protect 
the seal 60 miles from coast line, (c) to 
prohibit the use of fire-arms. 
4' Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 

1893. 
5" Financial Panic, 1893. 
I'' Causes. 

1* Hostile attitude between capital and 

labor. 
2* A too rapid development of the coun- 
try. 
3* Extravagance in speculations and 

living. 
4'* Failure of crops. 

5^ A fear of a great reduction of the 
tariff. 
2' Events. 

I'* Business houses, foundries and facto- 
ries failed in great numbers. 
2^ Many great railroad companies went 

into the hands of receivers. 
3^ Wages were reduced and many thous- 
ands thrown out of employment. 
4' Strikes and riots, 1894. 

1'' On the railroads and in the mines. 
2'' The Pullman Strike at Chicago, 
June to September. 
1'' Federal troops sent to prevent 
destruction of life and proper- 
ty. 



The National Period 211 • 

2" Commission of investig-ation 
appointed. 
5* Stocks, bonds, and real estate quickly 

depreciate in value. 
6* There was but little gold in the 
United States Treasury. 
3' Relief. 

1' The government issued $262,315,000 

bonds. 
2^ It required time, industry, economy, 
restoration of business confidence, 
and employment of idle men at good 
wag"es. 
6' The Wilson Tariff Bill, 1894. 
l'' It was a revenue tariff. 
T Wool, flax, hemp, agricultural imple- 
ments, salt, lumber, etc. were put on 
the free list. 
3'' The duty was increased on a few articles 
and a levy of li cents a pound was 
made on sugar. 
4''' The tax on the manufacture of whis- 
ky was raised from 90 cents to $1.10 per 
gallon. Other internal revenue 
chaijges made. 
S"* The average duty of SO'/r ad valorem 
under the McKinley Bill was reduced 
to 37%. 
6'' All incomes in excess of $4,000 per year 

were taxed at 2'/( . 
?•' An inheritance of more than $4,000 was 
taxed 2'/< . 
7" Chinese Treaty. 

1' Conditions or terms. 

1^ Chinese laborers were prohibited from 
entering the United States except 



112 Avierican History Outlines and Notes 

under certain conditions specified by 
the treaty. 
2"* Those in the United States were guar- 
anteed protection to their persons 
and property as if citizens of the 
United States. 
3^ Chinese were denied the right to be- 
come naturalized citizens. 
4* The Chinese government was to have 
the right to make and enforce simi- 
lar laws in reference to America and 
Americans. 
5^ The treaty was to remain in force for 
ten years. 
8-' Coxey's Army and Kelley's Contingency, 

1894. 
Q^ Municipal Reform 

P Dr. Chas. H. Parkhurst. 
2'^ Investigation of the Lexaw Commit- 
tee. 
3^ Downfall of Tammany in New York 
City. 
10- The Cuban Rebellion, 1895. 
IP The Supreme Court decided the Income 

Tax law unconstitutional, 1895. 
12'- The Venezuelan boundary dispute. 
(Cleveland and the Monroe Doctrine). 
1'^ Nature of the dispute. 
2^ Settlement. 
13^ Extension of the Civil Service. 

1^ Thirty thousand positions placed under it. 
14^ Alaska Boundary dispute, 1895. 
5' Events of interest unclassified. 
1-' The President's cabinet. 

r^ Secretary of State — (a) W. J. Gresham, 
(b) Richard Olney. 



7he National Period 213 

2^ Secretary of the Treasury — John G. Car- 
lisle. 
3^ Secretary of War — Daniel S. Lamont, 
4^ Secretary of the Navy — Hilary A. Her- 
bert. 
5^ Secretary of the Interior — (a) Hoke 

Smith, (b) David R. Francis. 
6'^ Attorney General — (a) Richard Olney, 

(b) Judson Harmon. 
T Postmaster General— (a) William S. Bis- 

sell, (b) William L. Wilson. 
8^ Secretary of Ag-riculture— J. Sterling 
Morton. 
2'^ Law passed allowing foreigners who serve 
five years in the U. S. Navy or one enlist- 
ment in the Marine Corps to become citi- 
zens upon petition, 1894. 
3"^ The Horr-Harvey Debate. 
4'^ Confederate Monument erected in Chicago. 
5^ Christian Young People's Conventions. 
1' Y. P. S. C. E. at Washington, 1896. 
2^ Epworth League at Toronto, 1897. 
3' B. Y. P. U. at Milwaukee, 1897. 
6^ Death list. 

I'' S. F. Smith author of "America", 1895. 
2' Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1894. 
3^ Justice H. E. Jackson, 1895. 
4-' Walter I. Gresham, 1895. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — Wm. McKinley and Garret 

A. Hobart. 
2'^ Democratic — Wm. Jennings Bryan and 

Authur J. Sewall. 
3' Populist— Wm. J. Bryan and Thos. E. 
Watson. 



214 American History Outlines and Notes 

4' Gold Democrat — John M. Palmer and 

Simon B. Buckner. 
5" Prohibition — Joshua Levering- and Hale 

Johnson, 

2"- Issue. 

1" Free and unlimited coinage of silver at 

the ratio of 16 to 1, as opposed to the 

gold standard. 
T The Republicans advocated a protective 

tariff. 

22. William McKinley's Administration. One term, 
six months, and ten days, 1897-1901. 
1' Inauguration — March 4, 1897. 
2'- Vice-President— (a) Garret A. Robert, (b) 

Theodore Roosevelt, 6 months, 10 days. 
3' Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant 
and Republican principles, 
r' Passage of the Dingley Tariff Act, 1897. 
T' Author — Nelson Dingley of Maine. 
2' Provisions. 

1^ By the Wilson Tariff Bill, wool was on 
the free list. The Dingley Tariff 
Act placed a duty of 11 cents per 
pound on first-class wool, 12 cents 
per pound on second-class, and 7 
cents per pound on third-class. 
2^ There was a general reduction of 

tariff on cotton goods. 
3^ The duty on farm products was great- 
ly increased; eggs, from 3 cents to 5 
cents per dozen; hay, from $2 to $4 
per ton; lard from 1 cent to 2 cents 
per pound; poultry, from 3 cents to 5 
cents per pound; potatoes, frorn 15 



Tlie National Period 215 

cents to 25 cents per bushel; hides 
from the free list to 15% ad valorem. 
4^ The duty on spirits was increased 
from $1.80 to $2.25 per proof gfallon. 
5* On most imported articles there was a 
material increase of duty over the 
Wilson Bill. 
6* It contained a reciprocity clause. 
3^^ Results. 

1^ Manufacturing: industry of the United 

States increased. 
2^ Eleven reciprocity treaties negotiated 
but failed to pass the Senate. 
2'- Spanish-American War and territorial ex- 
pansion, 1898. 
1^ Causes and events leading- to the war. 
1^ Revolution in Cuba, started in Februa- 
ry, 1895. 
2^ The United States Government, 
though sympathizing; with the Cub- 
ans, maintained for more than two 
years a strict neutrality. 
3^ General Weyler's (Spanish) war 
policy in Cuba. 
1'^ Destruction of Cuban property. 
2' "Concentration" of the people liv- 
ing outside the towns into recon- 
centrado camps. 
3' Starvation of "concentrados" in 
their dirty camps. 
1^ Protest by President Cleveland on the 
part of the United vStates against 
General Weyley's policy. 
5* The warship "Maine" was sent to 
Havana to look after the interests of 
the United States, January, 1898. 



216 American History Outlines and Notes 

6* The "Maine" was sunk and 266 
American sailors killed, February 
15, 1898. 
7^ Spain's refusal to give andience to 
American proposals for diplomatic 
negotiations with Spain for the pur- 
pose of ending the Cuban War. 
8' Congress placed $50,000,000 at the dis- 
posal of the President for "national 
defense." 
9^ Congress recognized the independence 

of Cuba, April 19, 1898. 
10^ President McKinley sent his ultimat- 
um to Spain, April 20. Before Mr. 
Woodford, United States minister 
to Spain, could hand his ultimatum 
to the Spanish government, he re- 
ceived his passport home. 
11^ The President's Message to Con- 
gress, April 11, 1898. 
1' "In the name of humanity, in the 
name of civilization, in behalf of 
endangered American interests, 
which give us the right and the 
duty to speak and act, the war in 
Cuba must stop." 
12^ Congress authorized the President to 
use the military and naval forces 
of the United States to compel 
Spain to leave Cuba, April 20, 1898. 
13^ A resolution passed Congress April 
25, declaring that war existed and 
had existed since April 21, 1898. 
2^ Operations. 

r The President issued a call for 125,000 
volunteers, April 23. 



The National Period 217 

2^ Blockade of the Cuban ports. 
3* Battle of Manila, May 1. 

r^ The Spanish fleet destroyed with- 
out the loss of an American man 
or vessel. 
4^ Congress passed the War Revenue 

Act, June, 1898. 
5^ Santiagfo campaign. 

1^ The Spanish fleet entered the har- 
bor of Santiago de Cuba in May. 
2^ R. P. Hobson attempted to block 
the harbor by sinking the Merri- 
mac, June 3. 
3'' The battleship "Oregon" arrives 
from San Francisco via Cape 
Horn. 
ir" Battles of El Caney and San Juan, 

July 1 and 2. 
5'' The Spanish fleet in an attempt to 
escape is entirely destroyed with 
heavy loss of life. The Ameri- 
cans lost one killed and one 
wounded, July 3. 
6'^ On July 15 the city of Santiago sur- 
rendered; 22,000 Spanish prison- 
ers were taken and later sent to 
Spain. 
6^ General Miles' Porto Rico campaign. 

1^ Met but little resistance. 
Results. 
1* Peace Protocol signed, August 12, 

1898. 
1^ Treaty of peace. 

r Signed at Paris, December 10, 1898; 
ratified by the Senate, February 
6, 1899; signed by Queen Regent, 



218 American History On /lines and Notes 

March 18; and exchangfed with 
Spain, April 11, 1899. 
2'^ Terms. 

1"' Spain g-ave up all title and "claim 

to Cuba. 
2^ Spain ceded to the United 
States: — 
1' Porto Rico and other Span- 
ish islands in the West 
Indies. 
2' Guam of the Ladrone group. 
3' The Philippine Islands. 
3" The United States agreed: — 
1' To pay Spain $20,000,000. 
2' To admit to the ports of the 
Philippines the Spanish 
ships and merchandise on 
the same terms as those of 
the United States. 
3^ To transport to Spain at 
expense of the United 
States all Spanish prison- 
ers of war taken at Manila 
and Santiago by the Ameri- 
ans. 
4'^ Both nations agreed to release 
all prisoners of war and to re- 
linquish all claims for indem- 
nity against each other. 
3* vSpain withdrew and the United States 
assumed control of Cuba, January 1, 
1899. 
3" iVnnexation of the Hawaiian Islands, July 7, 
1898. 
r* Value to the United States. 



T/?(' National Period 219 

4- The Philippine insurrection began, Feb. 4, 
1899. 
r Cause. 

1* When the President announced that 
the purpose of the United States in 
the Philippines was to be one of 
"benevolent assimilation," the 
Filipinos rebelled against the au- 
thority of the United States. 
2:' Results. 

1^ Much skirmishing- in which many 
Americans and Filipinos were 
killed. 
2^ The insurrection ended when General 
Funston captured its leader, Agui- 
naldo. 
5'-' "Boxer" uprising against foreigners in China. 
1'" Many nations sent troops to subdue the 
"Boxers." 

2' Most of these nations desired Chinese ter- 
ritory or exclusive trade privileges as a 
form of indemnity. 
3'' John Hay, Secretary, of State, notified all 
concerned that the United States would 
insist upon: — 
1^ The preservation of "territorial and 

administrative entity of China." 
2' An "open door" in matters of trade. 
4'' All the allied powers agreed to the prin- 
ciples set forth by Secretary Hay. 
6' Gold Standard Act, 1900. 

5'" Gold dollar made unit of value. 

T A gold reserve of $150,000,000 provided 

for. 
3'" The treasury department authorized re- 



220 American History Outlines and Notes 

funding the national debt in 2% thirty- 
year bonds. 
4'^ National Banks were authorized. 

1^ To orgfanize with a capital of $25,000. 
2* To issue leg'al tender notes to the par 
value of their United States bonds 
deposited with the Treasury. 
7" Decision of the Supreme Court with respect 
to our new island possessions, May 27, 
1901. 
S""' American teachers sent to the Philippines. 
9"^ The proposed isthmian canal and its relation 
to the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, and 
the Hay-Poncefote Treaty of 1891. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
V The president's cabinet. 

1^ Secretary of State — (a) John Sherman, 

(b) Wm. R. Day, (c) John Hay. 
2^ Secretary of the Treasury — Lyman J. 

Gage. 
3'^ Secretary of War — (a) Russell A. Alger, 

(b) Elihu Root. 
4^ Secretary of the Navy — John D. Long. 
5^ Secretary of the Interior— (a) Cornelius 

N. Bliss, (b) Ethan A. Hitchcock. 
6'" Postmaster General — (a) James A. Gary, 

(b) Chas. Emery Smith. 
7" Attorney General — (a) Joseph McKenna, 
(b) John W. Griggs, (c) Philander C. 
Knox. 
8'^ vSecretary of Agriculture — James Wilson. 
2' Opening of the Congressional Library Build- 
ing, 1897. 
3"' Increase in American exports, 1897-98. 
4"- Charter of Greater New York goes into 
operation, Jan. 1, 1898. 



The National Period 221 

5- Temporary ag-reement between the United 

States and Great Britain concerning the 
boundary of Alaska. 

6- Death of Vice President Hobart, Nov. 21, 

1899. 

7- Galveston disaster, Sept. 8, 1900. 

8^ Opening of Chicago Drainag-e Canal, 1900. 

9'-^ The X-ray and telegraph. 

10' The Anti-canteen Bills. 

11^ Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N. Y., 

May 1 to Nov. 2, 1900. 
12- Assassination of President McKinley. 

1^ Was shot at Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1901. 
2° He died eight days later, Sept. 14. 
3^ Vice President Roosevelt took the Presi- 
dent's oath of office Sept. 14, 1901. 
6^ Presidential campaign, 1900. 

1" Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican— William McKinley and 

Theodore Roosevelt. 
2^ Democratic— Wm. Jennings Bryan and 

Adlai E. Stevenson. 
3^ People's Party— Endorsed the Democrat- 
ic nominees. 
2^ Issues. 

1^ Gold standard and free coinage. 
2^ Expansion and imperialism. 
23. Theodore Roosevelt's Administration. Two 
terms lacking six months and ten days, 1901- 
1909. 
1^ Inauguration— September 14, 1901. 

2^ Vice President— (a) ■ , (b) Chas. W. 

Fairbanks. 
3^ Party in power— Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 



222 American Historv Outlines and Notes 

X' Strikes. 

1' Coal miners strike, 1902; 1906. 
T Telegraphers, 1907. 
2' Settlement of Alaskan boundary dispute. 
1' Cause of the dispute. 

1' The Alaska purchase treaty with 
Russia (1867) provided that the 
boundary of Alaska north of 56" 
north latitude should be the summit 
of the mountains parallel to the 
coast, except where the mountains 
were more than ten leagues from the 
coast; at such places the boundary 
was to parallel the coast at a 
distance of ten leagues. 
3* Canada claimed that where there are 
bays the distance is to be measured 
from the capes of peninsulas, thus 
allowing Canada to have some coast 
line. 
3^ The United States claimed the 
boundary parallel to the coast at 
such places. 
2-^ Treaty with England, January 24, 1903. 
1^ The treaty provided for an Alaskan 
Boundary Tribunal composed of: 
1" Three members from the United 

States. 
2' Two members from Canada. 
3'' One member from Great Britain. 
2^ The Tribunal decided in favor of the 
United States by a vote of 4 to 2. 
3'^ Department of Commerce and Labor 

created, Feb. 14, 1903. 
4" Panama Canal. 

r^ Iwents relating to the canal. 



The National Period 223 

1^ Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 1850 between 

the United States and Great Britain. 

1^ Each nation agreed that "neither 

the one nor the other will ever 

obtain or maintain for itself any 

exclusive control over the said 

ship canal." 

2^ The French Panama Canal Co. 

org^anized, 1881. 
3^ A second French company organized 
and obtained concessions from 
Columbia for ten years from 1894. 
4^ Hay-Poncefote Treaty with Great 
Britain, February, 1900. 
l"* Its purpose was to repeal the Clay- 
ton-Bulwer treaty. 
T It was rejected by Great Britain. 
5^ Hay-Poncefote Treaty repealed. 
1' Clayton-Bulwer Treaty repealed. 
2' The United States to be sole owner, 
builder, and protector of the 
canal. 
3'' The canal zone to be neutral 
ground in time of war. 
6^ Property and interests of the French 
canal company purchased for $40,- 
000,000, June, 1902. 
T Hay-Herran Treaty negotiated be- 
tween the United States and 
Columbia, Jan. 23, 1903. 
1' Columbia was to lease to the 
United States a zone six miles 
wide for a canal. 
2'' The United States was to pay $10,- 
000,000 on ratification of treaty 



224 American History Outlines and Notes 

and an annual rent of $250,000 be- 
ginning nine years later. 
3'' The United States agreed to have 
the Canal completed and ready 
for use in fourteen years. 
4'' Rejected by Columbia, August 17, 
1903. 
8^ Panama proclaimed her independence 

of Columbia, Nov. 3, 1903. 
9^ President Roosevelt on the part of the 
United States recognized the inde- 
pendence of Panama, Nov. 13, 1903. 
10* Hay-Varilla Treaty between United 
States and Panama, Nov. 18, 1903. 
1' Panama made a perpetual lease to 
the United States of a zone ten 
miles wide. 
2' The United States agreed to pay 
Panama $10,000,000 on ratification 
of treaty and an annual rental of 
$250,000, beginning nine years 
later. 
3' The United States guaranteed the 

independence of Panama. 
4-' Ratified, Feb. 23, 1904. 
11* Congress passed act for government 

of the. canal zone, April, 1904. 
12* The Panama Commission organized, 

March, 1905. 
13* Congress decided that the work of 
constructing the canal should be 
given to the engineering officers of 
the army, April, 1907. 
14* Lock type of canal determined upon, 
February, 1909. 
5' Trouble with Japan threatened. 



The National Period 225 

r^ Board of Education of San Francisco 
issued an order excluding all Japanese 
children from the regular public schools 
and requiring them to attend a separate 
school for Orientals, October, 1906. 
2^ The laboring- clashes along the Pacific 
coast strongly opposed the iminigration 
of Japanese. 
3^ Japan sent a protest to the United States 
against the violation of treaty rights, 
October 15, 1906 
4^ President Roosevelt sent Secretary of 
Interior to investigate and make report. 
1* Results. 

1' Japanese pupils below the age of 
sixteen admitted to regular pub- 
lic schools. 
2^ President Roosevelt issued order 
for exclusion of Japanese and 
Koreans not having passports. 
6"' Relations with China. 

1^ Chinese Exclusion Act renewed, 1904. 
2^ China was forced to agree to pay the 
United States $38,000,000, including 
interest, as indemnity for expenses in 
subduing "Boxer" insurrection. 
3' It was later found that $11,000,000 would 
pay all expenses and President Roose- 
velt notified the Chinese Government 
that the balance of $27,000,000 would be 
remitted. 
4'' China announced that the amount 
remitted would be used to pay the 
expenses of Chinese students in 
American colleges. 
7" War between Russia and Japan ended 



226 American History Outlines and Notes 

largfely througfh the influence of President 
Roosevelt, 1905. 
8' Railroad Rate Act, June 26, 1906. 

1^ It increased the powers of the Interstate 
Commerce Commission over railway 
rates. 
9- Immigfration Act, June 29, 1906. 

P Revised the Naturalization laws and 
provided for a Bureau of Immigration 
and Naturalization. 
10"' Pure food, meat inspection, and drug act, 

Jan. 1, 1907. 
ll"- Secretary of Commerce and Labor author- 
ized to "investigate and make report 
on the industrial, social, moral, educa- 
tional, and physical condition of women 
and child workers in United States," Jan. 
29, 1907. 
12" The second Hague Conference, 1907. 

1^ First proposed by President Roosevelt. 
2"' Forty-six governments represented. 
13^ United States assumes temporary govern- 
ment of Cuba, Sept. 29, 1906. 
1'' Causes and results. 

r' Revolt against Cuban government, 

1905-1906. 
2^ Amnesty proclamation issued by 

President Palma, Aug. 27, 1906. 
3* President Palma seeks aid from the 

United States, Sept. 8, 1906. 
4^ President Roosevelt responded by 
sending Peace Commissioners 
headed by Secretary of War, W. H. 
Taft, Sept. 19, 1906. 
5* President Palma resigned, Sept. 28, 
1906. 



The National Period 227 

6^ Secretary Taft issued a proclamation 
establishing- a provisional govern- 
ment, vSept. 29, 1906. 
T United States sent troops to Cuba and 

military rule established. 
8* A general election was held and J. 
Mig-uel Gomez elected second presi- 
dent of Cuba, November, 1908. 
9* Government of Cuba turned over to 
the Cubans and United States with- 
draws with the inauguration of 
Gomez as president, Jan. 28, 1909. 
14- Establishment of civil government in 
the Philippines, July 4, 1902. 
V' First census completed March 28, 1905. 
2^ President Roosevelt issued order for 
election of a General Assembly, March 
29, 1907. 
3^ First session of General Assembly 
opened by Secretary Taft, October, 
1907. 
^ The Philippine Government now has two 
resident representatives in the United 
States Congress. 
5^ Influence American possession in the 
Philippines has had upon missionary 
work. 
15"^ Governors' Convention, 1909. 
16'^ Purchase of the Danish West Indies: St. 

Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. 
17^ Riot at Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 13, 1906. 
1^ Twenty-fifth Infantry, colored, stationed 
at Brownsville. A riot occurred in 
which shots were fired from govern- 
ment guns. An investigation failed to 
make known the guilty parties whereup- 



228 American History Outlines and Notes 

on President Roosevelt dismissed the 

entire battalion without honors, No- 
vember, 1906. 
18' Prosecution of great "trusts". 

r^ A number of railroads were prosecuted 

for making: rebates in violation of 

Elkins Act of 1903. 
2' Standard Oil Company, 1907-1909. 
3' Tobacco trust, 1908. 
19" "Civil Righteousness" movement. 

1^ Manufacture and sale of intoxicating 

liquors prohibited in Georgia, Alabama, 

and North Carolina. 
2^ Sunday Bills introduced into Congress. 
20^ The Laymen's Missionary Movement. 
21^ Federation of Churches. 
22"- Release of Miss Ellen Stone. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified, 
r^ The President's cabinet, 

1^ Secretary of State — (a) John Hay, (b) 

Elihu Root. 
2'^ Secretary of the Treasury — (a) Lyman J. 

Gage, (b) Leslie M. Shaw, (c) George 

B. Cortelyou. 
3-^ Secretary of War— (a) Elihu Root, (b) 

William H. Taft, (c) Luke E. Wright. 
4^ Secretary of the Interior — (a) Cornelius 

W. Bliss, (b) Ethan A. Hitchcock, (c) 

James A. Garfield. 
5^ Secretary of the Navy — (a) John D. 

Long, (b) Wm. H. Moody, (c) Paul 

Morton, (d) Victor H. Metcalf, (e) 

Truman H. Newberry. 
6'^ Attorney General — (a) J. W. Griggs, (b) 

Philander C. Knox, (c) William H. 

Moody, (d) Charles J. Bonaparte. 



The National Period 229 

T Postmaster General— (a) Charles Emery 
Smith, ih) Henry C. Payne, (c) Robert 
J. Wayne, (c) George von L. :Meyer. 
8'^ Secretary of Agriculture — James A. 

Wilson. 
9^ Secretary of Commerce and Labor (a) 
George B. Cortelyou; (b) Victor H. 
Metcalf, (c) Oscar S. Straus. 
2^ Trial and execution of assassin Czolgosz. 
3^ Tribute to McKinley. 
4- Visit of Prince Henry of Germany to United 

States. 

5'' Laying of the American Pacific Cable, 1902. 

1^ Laid by the L^ited States between San 

Francisco, Hawaii, Manila, and Hong 

Kong. 

6' President Roosevelt's wireless telegram to 

King Edward, Jan. 19, 1903. 
1~ Louisiana Purchase Expedition, 1904. 
8' Enlargement of the Erie Canal, 1905. 
9"- Work begun on the Panama Canal, 1905. 
10'- San Francisco earthquake, April 18, 1906. 
11- Financial Panic, 1907. 
12' Voyage of the Atlantic Battleship Fleet. 

1907-1909. 
13"^ Peary and Wellman expeditions. 
14^ Child-Labor laws passed. 
15"- President's salary increased to $75,000 per 
year. 
1^ Effective from March 4, 1909. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1'- Political parties and candidates. 

1^ Republican — William Howard Taft and 

James S. Sherman. 
2^ Democratic— William Jennings Bryan 
and John W. Kern. 



230 American History Outlines and Notes 

3' Prohibition — Eugene W, Chafin and A. S. 

Watkins. 
4^ Socialist — Eugene V. Debs and Benjamin 

Han ford. 
5' Populist — Thomas E, Watson and Samuel 

W. Williams. 
& Independence League — Thomas L. His- 
gen and John Temple Graves. 
2' Issues. 

1'^ Tariff revision. 

2^ Publicity of campaign expenses. 

3^ Limitation of power of Speaker of the 

House of Representatives. 
4^ Anti-trust laws. 

5'^ Election of Senators by direct vote. 
24. William Howard Taft's Administration. One 
Term, 1909-1913. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1909. 
2^ Vice President — James S. Sherman. 
3^ Party in power — Republican. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1- The Aldrich-Payne Tariff law, 1909. 

r It created a Court of Customs Appeals. 
2' It established a minimum and a maximum 
tariff by which the Chief Executive has 
been able to compel other countries to 
stop discrimination against American 
trade. 
3' It provided for a Tariff Board whose duty 
it is to secure information for the 
assistance of the President in discharg- 
ing his duties with respect to the tariff 
laws. 
4^ It provided for free trade with the Philip- 
pines. 



Th'i National Period ?31 

S^ It established a corporation tax. 
2'-' The two-cent railroad fare of Missouri was 
nullified by the United States District 
Court on the grounds that it was confisca- 
tory, 1909. 
3" Sunday Bills in Congress. 
4"' Constitutional Amendments. 

1^ Article XVI empowered Congress to levy 

an income tax. 
T Article XVII provided for the election of 
Senators by direct vote of the people. 
5-' Army protection withdrawn from Cuba, 

March 31, 1909. 
6^ Campaign in Maryland to restrict negro suf- 
frage; September, 1909. 
7- The Nicaraguan Revolution, 1909-1910. 
8" Interstate Commerce Act, June 18, 1910. 

1^ Authorized a Commerce Court. 
9'^ Supreme Court decision on religious in- 
struction, Jan. 24, 1910. 
lO'^ Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, 1910. 
11- The vSherman Anti-trust Law. 
12' Revolution in Mexico. 

1^ President Taft ordered to the Mexican 
frontiers 20,000 troops and 10 armed 
cruisers, March, 1911. 
13'-' The Supreme Court declared the Standard 
Oil Company and the American Tobacco 
Company to be unlawful combinations 
and ordered their dissolution. May, 1911. 
14''^ The Chamizal boundary dispute between 
United States and Mexico. 
1^ Occasioned by a change in the channel of 
the Rio Grande River near El Paso, 
Texas. 
2'^ The dispute involved about 600 acres of 



232 American History Outlines and Notes 

land, 6,000 people, and a property value 
of $7,000,000. 
3^ The question was referred to the Inter- 
national Arbitration Court which ren- 
dered its decision June 15, 1911, in 
favor of Mexico. The United States, 
unwilling to give up the river as the 
international boundary, bought from 
Mexico the territory cut off by the 
change in the river channel. 
15' United States treaty with Japan, Russia, 
and Great Britain for the protection of 
seals in the North Pacific ocean and Ber- 
ing Sea, December, 1911. 
1& Reform in House of Representatives. 
17- The Federal Judiciary Act, March 3, 1911. 
r^ The Circuit Court abolished. 
2^ Circuit Court of Appeals and District 
Courts readjusted to suit the new 
system. 
18"^ Woman suffrage movement. 
19"' Temperance movement. 
20' Men and Religion Forward Movement. 
21" The Canadian Reciprocity Bill defeated in 

Canada. 
22-' Unseating of Mr, Lorimer of Illinois, in the 

United States Senate. 
23" Sunday mail delivery, 1913, 

r^ A proviso attached to the post-office ap- 
propriation bill requires that first- and 
second-class post-offices be not opened 
for delivery of mail to the general pub- 
lic on Sunday, 
5^ Events of interest unclassified, 
1' The President's cabinet. 

1^ Secretary'- of State — Philander C, Knox. 



The National Period 233 

2^ Secretary of the Treasury- — Franklin 

Mac Vaegh. 
3^ Secretary of War— (a) Jacob M. Dickin- 
son, (b) Henry Stimson. 
4* Secretary of the Interior— Richard A, 

Balling-er, (b) Walter L. Fisher. 
5'' Secretary of the Navy — George von L. 

Meyer. 
6' Attorney General — Georgfe C. Wicker- 
sham. 
T Postmaster General — Frank H. Hitch- 
cock. 
8'^ Secretary of Agriculture — James A. Wil- 
son. 
9^ Secretary of Commerce and Labor — 
Charles Nagel. 
2" Opening" of Long Island City Bridge, March 

30, 1909. 
3"^ The Twin Tunnels under the Hudson River 

opened for traiific, July 19, 1909. 
4"- Discovery of watery vapor on Mars by Prof. 

W. W. Campbell. 
5"' Opening of the Gunnison Tunnel, September 

23, 1909. 
6^ Death of Associate Justice Peckham, Octo- 
ber 24, 1909. 
1^ Horace H. Lurton appointed to fill the 
vacancy. 
7"^ Discovery of the North Pole by Robert E. 

Peary, 1909. 
S""^ Postal Savings Bank system established. 
9'^ Dedication of Bureau of American Repub- 
lics, April 26, 1910. 
lO"^ Raising of the Battleship Maine. 
11" Sinking of the Titanic. 



234 American History Outlines and Notes 

12"'^ Discovery of the South Pole by Captain 

Roald Amundsen. 
13^ Orgfanization of the Progressive Party, 

June 22, 1912. 
14"'' Parcel-post, to operate on the zone system, 
established by Act of Congress, August 
24, 1912. Went into effect January 1, 
1913. 
15" Death of Vice President Sherman, October 
30, 1912. 
6^ Presidential campaign. 

1^ Political parties and candidates. 

1'' Republican — Willam H. Taft and James 

S. Sherman. 
2'' Democratic — Thomas Woodrow Wilson 

and Thomas R. Marshall. 
3^ Progressives— Theodore Roosevelt and 
Hiram Johnson. 
2'^ Issues. 

1'^ Tariff Reform. 
2^ Anti-trust Legislation. 
3' Third term of the presidency. 
25. Thomas Woodrow Wilson's Administration — 
1913—. 
1^ Inauguration — March 4, 1913. 
2^ Vice President — Thomas R. Marshall. 
3^ Party in Power — Progressive Democrats. 
4^ Events having an influence upon Protestant and 
Republican principles. 
1"^ Meeting of the Sixty-third Congress in 

special session, April 7, 1913. 
2^ Passage of the Newlands-Clayton Bill, 1913. 
1^ The law provides for a board of media- 
tion and conciliation to settle disputes 
between corporations and their em- 
ployees. 



The National Period 235 

3' Tariff revision, 1913. 

r Wool, sugar, and meat were placed on 

the free list. 
T A general reduction of tariff on all the 
common necessaries of life. 
4-' Johnston Sunday Bill introduced into Con- 
gress, April 12, 1913. 
5- World's Christian Citizenship Conference. 
1^ Portland, Oregon, June 29-Julv 5, 1913. 
2^ Held under the auspices of the National 
Reform Association. 
6' Compulsory reading of the Bible in the 

public schools of Pennsylvania, 1913. 
7^ Celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of 
the battle of Gettysburg, 1913. 

8- Mr. Lind sent to Mexico as special envoy 

from the United States. 

9- Recall of all American citizens living in 

Mexico. 
10' Passage of the Income Tax Law, 1913. 
11- The President and the "spoils system." 
1=^ By the passage of the Urgent Deficiency 
Bill, 1200 places of deputy marshals 
and deputy collectors of internal 
revenue w^ere taken from the Civil 
Service lists. 
2^ By order of the President, notice was 
given to all who have to do with the 
appointment of such deputies that they 
are not to be appointed for personal 
reward, and that "anything which 
savors of the spoils system will be 
considered as a serious disregard of 
public duty." 
12' Blowing up of Gamboa Dike, October 10, 
1913. 



236 American History Outlines and Notes 

1^ This was one of the last acts in uniting 
the Atlantic and the Pacific by means 
of the Panama Canal. President Wil- 
son pressed an electric button in 
Washington, D. C, which set off the 
charge of forty tons of dynamite that 
did the work. 
13'^ Strikes and labor troubles. 

1^ Coal strike in Colorado, Nov. 1913. 

1^ Several battles between the strikers 
and strike-breakers, resulting in 
many deaths. 
2^ Governor Ammons ordered the entire 

state militia to the coal fields. 
3^ The strikers and mine guards were 
disarmed by the militia. 
2^ Other strikes, etc. 
14^ Florida passes a prohibitory education law, 
1913. 
1^ The law makes it unlawful "for white 
teachers to teach negroes in negro 
schools, and for negro teachers to teach 
in white schools. This law virtually 
closes the mission schools for negroes 
in Florida. 
15'^ Enforcement of state Sunday laws. 
1^ Arrests in Tennessee, 1913. 
5^ Events of interest unclassified. 
1^ The President's cabinet. 

r'' Secretary of State — William J. Bryan. 
2'* Secretary of the Treasury — William G. 

McAdoo. 
3'' Secretary of War — Lindley M. Garrison. 
4'^ Secretary of the Interior — Frank K. Lane. 
5^ Secretary of the Navy — Josephus 
Daniels. 



The National Period 237 

Q^ Attorney General — James McReynolds. 
T Postmaster General — Albert S. Burleson. 
8^ Secretary of Agriculture — David H. 

Houston. 
9'^ Secretary of Commerce — William C. 

Redfield. 
10'^ Secretary of Labor — William B. Wilson. 
2" Edward D. White appointed Chief Justice 

of the Supreme Court. 
3" Destructive floods in the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi valleys, March and April, 1913. 
4" Disastrous storm on the Great Lakes, Nov. 
9 and 11, 1913. 
1' Lives lost, 300. 
2^ Boats destroyed, 19 
3' Property loss, $10,000,000. 



I fain would thank Thee that my mortal life 

Has reached the hour (aloeit through care and pain) 

When Good and Evil, as for final strife, 

Close dim and vast on Armageddon's plain. 

— W hit tier. 



Yet, while the need of Freedom's cause demands 
The earnest effort of our hearts and hands, 
Urged by all motives that can prompt the heart 
To praver and toil and manhood's manliest part; 
Let not Passion wrest from Reason's hand 
The guiding rein and symbol of command. 

— Whit tier. 



238 American History Outlines and Notes 



Suggestions to Teachers 

More than ten years ago, while teaching United States history 
and civil government in a teachers' summer school, the author 
prepared a series of lessons based upon the principles of history 
study herein presented. From time to time while teaching the 
subject these principles have enlarged and developed in his own 
mind, and the outlines have been revised and important notes 
added. Repeatedly the teachers of the middle West have urged 
the publication of these outlines for use in their schools; but for 
reasons not under control of the author they could not be issued. 
The present edition is possible only because of the interest shown 
and the encouragement given by a large circle of friends. 

A few suggestions in regard to the use of these outlines and 
notes may be helpful to teachers and pupils. The author has 
endeavored to so arrange the subiect matter as to make its use 
possible with any standard text on United States history. For 
this reason no direct references to text-books are given in the 
outlines. 

The order of the outlines should be carefully observed in making 
all lesson assignments. The teacher should compare the outline 
\vith the text used by the pupils and whenever necessary give 
reference to the page or paragraph where the bubjects of the out- 
line are treated. The notes found in each section and referred to 
in the outlines should not be overlooked. They deal with subjects 
not fully discussed in the ordinary school text. 

Section I, "The Foundation Principles of Our History," may be 
studied entirely from this volume. In this section it should be 
made plain that the controversy between right and wrong is still 
carried on through individuals, nations, and churches, each hinder- 
ing or helping forward the work of God in the earth. God makes 
the wrath of men, nations, and churches to praise Him; and that 
which cannot be made to praise him. He restrains. Ps. 76:10. 

It may not be possible to find in any one text-book all the 
names of explorers listed in Section II. If thought best, the class 
study may be confined to those names found in the text used. It 
should be made plain that while the nations of Europe were 
absorbed in persecuting the people of God and exalting man above 
his Creator, God inspired a spirit of discovery and exploration in 
order to give relief to His persecuted church and prepare the way 
for founding the last nation of prophecy. 

From the beginning of the colonial period to the present time. 



Suggestions to Teachers 239 

we watch with ever-increasing interest the events having an 
influence either for or against protestant and republican principles. 
We see their growth and development until they become funda- 
mental in the constitution and laws of state and nation; then the 
persistent effort to overthrow these principles and unite church and 
state. The class should make frequent reviews, sometimes just 
touching the mountain peaks of history, so as to be sure that each 
member carries with him a running outline of the providences of 
God in behalf of His people and His work. 

It is not expected that all parts of the outline will be memorized 
by the pupils. Some parts are given more for reference than for 
class study; e. g., the names of some of the commanders in the 
Civil War. However, no topic which is fundamental to the 
principles of our work should be omitted. 

We very much regret the absence of notes on Section VHI, "The 
National Period;" but for lack of time we are obliged to print the 
outlines without notes, or delay another full year. Should this 
present edition meet with approval, the necessary notes will be 
added in future editions or the outlines may develop into a full 
text. Helpful criticisms and suggestions will be thankfully 
received by the author. B. E. H. 

Berrien Springs, Mich. 



DEC \n !913 






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